English Auxiliaries: Structure and History Book

	Preface
	List of abbreviations and references to primary texts
1	Basic properties of English auxiliaries	1
1.1	Introduction	1
1.2	Traditional criteria for auxiliaries	3
1.3	Auxiliaries as a word class	9
1.4	The semantics of modals	13
1.5	Problems and historical context of analysis	19
2	The morphosyntactic independence of auxiliaries	33
2.1	Ordering and categorical availability	33
2.2	Morphosyntactic independence of auxiliaries	39
2.3	Inflected auxiliaries as 'anaphoric islands'	49
2.4	Implications for modals of this account	58
2.5	Recent history	62
3	A formal interlude: the grammar of English auxiliaries	69
3.1	Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar	69
3.2	Morphosyntactic features	73
3.3	The lexical structuring of auxiliaries	78
3.4	Auxiliary constructions	82
3.5	Conclusion	91
4	Distinguishing auxiliaries and verbs in early English	92
4.1	Introduction	92
4.2	The ancestors of present-day auxiliaries	94
4.3	Verblike characteristics	97
4.4	Word classes	103
5	Identifying an 'auxiliary group' before Modern English: sentence-level syntax	110
5.1	Elliptical constructions	111
5.2	Transparency to impersonal constructions	122
5.3	Significance	132
6	Identifying an 'auxiliary group' before Modern English: further properties of 'modals'	135
6.1	Subcategorization for the plain infinitive	136
6.2	Preterite-present morphology	140
6.3	Restriction to finite forms	144
6.4	The developing independence of preterite forms	148
6.5	Negative forms, and occurrence with do	150
6.6	Conclusion	152
7	The developing modal semantics of early English 'modals'	156
7.1	Introduction	156
7.2	Verbs of group A and typically modal meanings in Old English	158
7.3	The modal group and typically modal meanings in Middle English	174
7.4	Modern English developments	180
7.5	Conclusion	182
8	The status of modals and auxiliaries before Modern English	184
8.1	The full range of properties	184
8.2	Notional correspondences: identifying the group	185
8.3	The special position of finiteness	189
8.4	A speculative historical sketch to the fifteenth century	192
8.5	Comments on grammaticalization	195
9	Auxiliaries in early Modern English and the rise of do	198
9.1	Apparent generalizations of earlier properties	198
9.2	New developments	206
9.3	A category-based account of early Modern English	209
9.4	Lightfoot revisited	218
9.5	Periphrastic do	219
9.6	Conclusions	234
10	Conclusions	236
	Notes	240
	References	268
	Index of scholars cited	284
	General index	287