Electrical Spectrum & Network Analyzers: A Practical Approach Book

	Preface	ix
1	Spectra and Spectrum Analysis
1.1	Waveforms: A Review of Basics	1
1.2	The Fourier Transform	2
1.3	The Fourier Series	3
1.4	Measuring Spectra	8
1.5	Standards for Spectrum Analyzers	8
2	Methods of Spectrum Analysis
2.1	Overview	14
2.2	The Parallel Filter Analyzer	15
2.3	The Superheterodyne Analyzer	17
2.3.1	Determining the Internal Frequencies	20
2.3.2	Log IF Amplifiers	21
2.3.3	Multiple-Conversion Superheterodyne Analyzers	25
2.3.4	Local Oscillators	28
2.3.5	Frequency Linearizers	35
2.3.6	IF Filters	38
2.3.7	Mixers	46
	Review Questions	47
3	Frequency Control, Phase Lock, and Microprocessor-Controlled Spectrum Analyzers
3.1	Frequency Display	48
3.2	Phase-Locked Frequency Tuning	56
3.3	Microwave Spectrum Analyzers	69
3.4	Microprocessor Control of the Spectrum Analyzer	72
3.5	Digital Display Storage	73
	Review Questions	76
4	Spectrum Analyzer Applications
4.1	Measuring Spectra	78
4.2	Measuring Wide-Band Spectra	80
4.3	Measuring Amplitude and Frequency Modulation	92
4.4	Spurious Responses	99
	Review Questions	100
5	Advanced Spectrum Analyzer Applications
5.1	Transmitter Measurements	102
5.1.1	Spurious Outputs	102
5.1.2	Occupied Bandwidth	106
5.1.3	Frequency Stability	108
5.2	In-Circuit Troubleshooting Techniques	109
5.3	Radio Frequency Interference Measurements	112
	Review Questions	114
6	The Tracking Generator and Scalar Network Analysis
6.1	Tracking Generator Basics	116
6.2	The Superheterodyne Tracking Generator	119
6.3	Network Analysis	129
6.4	Tracking Generator Applications	134
	Review Questions	137
7	A Practical Spectrum Analyzer
7.1	Overview	139
7.2	Specifications	140
7.3	Attenuator	142
7.4	Input Low-Pass Filter	145
7.5	First Mixer and Local Oscillator	148
7.6	First IF Amplifier, Second Mixer, and Second Local Oscillator	154
7.7	The IF Filters	155
7.8	Log IF Amplifier and Video Display Amplifier	159
7.9	Horizontal Sweep Generator and Amplifiers	161
7.10	Vertical Amplifiers and Video Filter	164
7.11	Frequency Readout and Control	167
	Review Questions	174
8	Spectrum Analyzer Performance Determination
8.1	Overview	176
8.2	Spectrum Analyzer Tests	177
8.2.1	Center-Frequency Display Accuracy	177
8.2.2	Frequency Span Readout	178
8.2.3	Resolution Bandwidth Accuracy	179
8.2.4	Shape Factor	180
8.2.5	Display Vertical Accuracy	180
8.2.6	Frequency Response	182
8.2.7	Display Flatness	182
8.2.8	Sensitivity	183
8.2.9	Dynamic Range	183
8.2.10	Intermodulation Dynamic Range	184
8.2.11	No-Signal, Internally Generated Spurious Responses	185
8.2.12	Residual Frequency Modulation	185
8.2.13	IF Feedthrough	186
8.2.14	Other Tests	187
	Review Questions	187
9	The Network Analyzer
9.1	Introduction	188
9.2	Group Delay Measurements	194
9.3	Network Analyzer Circuits	196
9.4	Network/Spectrum Analyzers	201
9.5	The Scalar Network Analyzer	203
	Review Questions	206
	Bibliography	207
	Index	209