Egalitarian Envy Book

	Introduction	ix
A.	The Historical Problem	1
I.	The Greeks	3
1.	The Presocratics	3
2.	The Writers of the Fifth Century	4
3.	Socrates, Plato and Aristotle	7
4.	China, Fascination, The Evil Eye	11
5.	Epicureans and Stoics	13
II.	The Latins	14
1.	Cicero	14
2.	Horace and Ovid	15
3.	Seneca, Dion and Plutarch	16
III.	Sacred Scripture	19
1.	The Old Testament	19
2.	Paul of Tarsus	20
IV.	The Fathers of the Church	21
1.	Clement, Justin and Tertullian	21
2.	Cyprian and Basil	22
3.	Jerome, Augustine, Chrysostom, Chrysologus	24
4.	Caesareus, Isidore and Gregory	26
V.	The Medievals	28
1.	John of Salisbury	28
2.	Thomas Aquinas	29
3.	Raymond Lull	30
4.	Dante	31
VI.	The Renaissance	33
1.	Luis Vives	33
2.	Luis de Granada, Melchor Cano, Miguel Sabuco	34
3.	Bacon	36
VII.	The Baroque	37
1.	Quevedo and Nieremberg	37
2.	Descartes and Spinoza	39
3.	Flechier and Feijoo	41
VIII.	The Moderns	43
1.	Hume and Smith	43
2.	Kant	46
3.	Holbach and Stael	47
IX.	The Contemporaries	49
1.	Schopenhauer	49
2.	Marx	51
3.	Nietzsche	52
4.	Freud	54
5.	Unamuno	55
6.	Scheler	57
7.	Klein	58
8.	Schoeck	59
X.	Conclusion	61
B.	The Analysis	63
I.	The Problem	65
II.	Conceptualization	67
1.	Definition, Origin, Typology	67
2.	Axiophile Envy	71
3.	Hidden Envy	73
4.	Confusing Envy	75
5.	Universal Envy	77
6.	Prefabricated Envy	79
7.	Self-punishing Envy	80
III.	Evaluation	82
1.	Disfunctional Envy	82
2.	Mistaken Envy	87
IV.	Envy as a Political Factor	91
1.	Origin of the Division	91
2.	Social Justice	93
3.	Ideological Correlation	95
4.	Egalitarianism and Orthodoxy	97
5.	Social Development	98
V.	Envy, Hierarchy and the State	100
1.	The Role of the Minorities	100
2.	Hierarchical Ordering by the State	101
3.	The Hunction and Division of Powers	103
4.	Just Hierarchical Distribution	104
5.	Party Rule and Selectivity	105
6.	Envy and Inverse Selectivity	107
7.	Favoritism and Meritocracy	109
8.	Conclusion	111
VI.	The Defenses	113
1.	The Flight from Envy	113
2.	The Simulation	114
3.	Courtesy	116
VII.	Overcoming and Suppressing Envy	118
1.	The Possible Options	118
2.	Emulation	119
3.	The Work Well Done	121
4.	What is Valuable in the Genitive	121
5.	Solidarity of the Species	122
6.	Sympathy	123
VIII.	Conclusions	125
C.	Creative Inequality	129
I.	Introduction	131
II.	The Inequalities	136
1.	Metaphysical Inequality	136
2.	Physical Inequality	139
3.	Zoological Inequality	141
III.	Human Inequality	144
1.	Generalities	144
2.	Genetic Inequality	146
3.	Noetic Inheritance	148
4.	Social Inequality	151
5.	Vital Inequality	154
6.	Ultraterrestrial Inequality	155
IV.	The Egalitarian Ideal	157
1.	Equality Before the Law	157
2.	Political Equality	160
3.	Equality of Opportunities	166
4.	Economic Equality	172
V.	Conclusions	177
1.	The Reverse Side of Ideology	177
2.	The Impossible Biological Equality	179
3.	The Impossible Social Equality	180
4.	The Individual Instinct	183
5.	Metaphysical Equality	184
6.	Egalitarian Envy	185
	Notes	187
	Index	201