Effort Based Approach to Consonant Lenition Book

	Preface
	Acknowledgments
	List of Figures
	List of Tables
Ch. 1	Introduction	3
Ch. 2	Articulatory Effort	29
1	The Neuromuscular Basis of Effort	30
2	A Biomechanical Approach to Effort	31
3	Precision	41
4	Effort Minimization and Voicing Lenition	43
Ch. 3	Representational Issues	47
1	Smolensky's Challenge to the Standard Model	51
2	A Definition of Contrastiveness	53
3	Faithfulness	57
4	A Language-Specific Predictable Property: Aspiration in English	59
5	Universally Non-Contrastive Properties: Vowel Duration	61
6	Generalizing the Result: the Contrastiveness Theorem	65
7	Categorical Effects with Continuous Representations	67
8	Lenition or Fortition with Indeterminate UR's	71
Ch. 4	Spirantization and Stridency	77
1	Documenting the Generalization	77
2	An Effort-Based Explanation	85
3	Formal Capture of the Phonetic Explanation	89
4	Lenition of Affricates	90
5	Analysis of Assibilation	91
Ch. 5	Geminates	97
1	Previous Treatments of Geminate Inalterability	98
2	Generalizations	102
3	An Effort-Based Account of the Generalizations	117
4	Heteromorphemic Geminates	130
5	Summary and Alternative Approaches	133
Ch. 6	Effort-Based Contexts	137
1	Aperture-Conditioned Lenition	138
2	Speech Rate and Register	162
3	Alternative Approaches	168
Ch. 7	Tumpisa Shoshone	175
1	Data	175
2	Analysis of Spirantization and Flapping	178
3	Analysis of (De)voicing	183
4	Analysis of Nasal Weakening	186
5	Analysis of Laryngeal Elision	189
Ch. 8	Florentine Italian	193
1	Data	194
2	Effort Values	205
3	Analysis	208
Ch. 9	Conclusion: Stabilization of Lenition Patterns	223
1	The Stabilization Problem: Tigrinya Spirantization	223
2	Selection of Phonetic Variants	226
3	Effort under Canonical Conditions	228
4	Remaining Questions	230
App	Survey of Lenition Patterns	231
	Notes	245
	References	259
	Index	291