Effect of UV Light and Weather On Plastics and Elastomers, 2nd Edition Book

Preface     xv
List of Graphs and Tables     xvii
Introduction     1
How to Use This Book     1
Weatherability     1
Weather Defined     1
Variations in Natural Weathering     1
Testing for Weatherability     1
Elements of Weather     2
Radiation     2
Wavelength Regions of UV Radiation     2
Moisture     3
Radiation and Water     3
Radiation and Oxygen     3
Reducing the Effect of Radiation     3
Surface Temperature and Thermal Degradation     4
Material Properties Post-Exposure     4
UV Additives and Stabilizers     5
UV Absorbers     6
Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers     6
Antioxidants     6
UV Inhibitors     6
Test Environments     7
Indoor and Interior Exposure     7
Outdoor Testing     7
Accelerated Outdoor Tests     8
Conventional Aging     8
Conventional Aging with Spray     8
Humidity Variations     9
Solar Radiation     9
Sample Mounting Direction     9
Artificial Accelerated Tests     9
Conditions for Reproducing Natural Weathering Stresses in the Laboratory     9
Xenon Arc     10
Fluorescent or GUV     10
Carbon Arc or Fadeometer     11
Test Results     11
Notes on Variability in Testing and Results     11
Color Stability     12
Thermoplastics
ABS
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene     13
Weathering Properties     13
Stabilization     13
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     14
Acrylonitrile-Styrene-Acrylate/Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Capstock     33
Weathering Properties     33
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     33
Acetal
Acetal     35
Weathering Properties: General     35
Weathering Properties: Colored Material     35
Weathering Properties: Unpigmented Material     36
Weathering Properties: Elevated Air Temperature     36
Weathering Properties: by Material Supplier Trade Name     37
Acrylonitrile-Styrene-Acrylate
Acrylonitrile-Styrene-Acrylate     47
Weathering Properties     47
Degree of Discoloration      47
Thermal Resistance     47
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     48
Acrylic
Acrylic and Acrylic Copolymer     57
Weathering Properties     57
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     58
Acrylic and Polyvinyl Chloride Coextrusion     65
Weathering Properties     65
Cellulosic Plastic
Cellulose Acetate Butyrate     67
Weathering Properties     67
Color Retention     67
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     68
Fluoropolymers
Fluoropolymers: Overview     71
Fluoropolymer Weathering     71
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE or TFE)     73
Weathering Properties     73
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     73
Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP)     75
Weathering Properties     75
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     75
Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA and MFA)     79
Weathering Properties     79
Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)     81
Weathering Properties     81
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)     87
Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE)     91
Weathering Properties     91
Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE)     95
Weathering Properties     95
Polyvinyl Fluoride (PVF)     97
Weathering Properties     97
Ionomer
Ionomer     103
Weathering Properties     103
Polyphenylene Oxide
Polyphenylene Oxide     109
Weathering Resistance     109
Nylon Overview     115
Weathering Properties: General     115
Weathering Properties: UV Stabilization     115
Weathering Properties: Colored Material     115
Nylon 6     117
Weathering Properties     117
Nyloe 12     127
Weathering Properties     127
Nylon with Glass Fiber     133
Weathering Properties     133
Nylon 66     135
Weathering Properties     135
Weathering Properties: Colored Material     135
Nylon 6, 6T     137
Weathering Properties     137
Nylon MXD6     139
Polyarylamide     143
Weathering Properties     143
Polycarbonate
Polycarbonate     147
Weathering Properties      147
Light Transmission     148
Weathering Properties: UV Stabilization     148
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     148
Polycarbonate Blends     159
Weathering Properties     159
Weathering Properties: Stabilization     159
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     159
Polyester
Polybutylene Terephthalate     161
Weathering Properties     161
Weathering Properties: Stabilization     161
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     162
Polyethylene Terephthalate     167
Weathering Properties     167
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     168
Liquid Crystal Polymers     173
Weathering Properties     173
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     174
Polyarylate     175
Weathering Properties     175
Polyimide
Polyimide     177
Weathering Properties: General     177
Weathering Properties: Outer Space and Nuclear Environments     177
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     177
Polyamideimide     181
Weathering Properties     181
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     181
Polyetherimide     183
Weathering Properties     183
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     183
Polyketone
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)     185
Weathering Properties     185
Polyolefin
Polyethylene: Overview     187
Weathering Properties: General     187
Polyethylene Films     187
Weathering Properties: Color Pigments     188
Weathering Properties: UV Stabilizers     188
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     189
Low Density Polyethylene     193
High Density Polyethylene     195
Weathering Properties: Colored Material     195
Carbon Black     195
White Pigments     195
Yellow Pigments     195
Red Pigments     196
Orange Pigments     196
Blue and Green Pigments     197
Pigment Dispersion     197
Part Thickness     197
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     198
Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene     211
Polyethylene Copolymers      213
Weathering Properties     213
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     214
Polypropylene     215
Weathering Properties: Stabilization     215
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     217
Polymethylpentene     223
Weathering Properties     223
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     223
Polyphenylene Sulfide
Polyphenylene Sulfide     225
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     225
Polystyrene
General Purpose Polystyrene     227
Weathering Properties     227
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     227
High Impact Polystyrene     231
Weathering Properties     231
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     232
Polysulfone
Polysulfone     239
Weathering Properties     239
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     239
Polyethersulfone     241
Weathering Properties     241
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     241
Styrene Acrylonitrile Copolymer
Styrene-Acrylonitrile     243
Weathering Properties      243
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     244
Styrene Butadiene Copolymer
Styrene-Butadiene Copolymer     247
Weathering Properties     247
Indoor UV Light Resistance and Indirect Sunlight     247
Vinyl Resin
Polyvinyl Chloride     249
Weathering Properties     249
Thickness     249
Plasticizers     249
Additional Plasticizers     250
Stabilizers     251
Pigments and Colorants     251
Yellowing     252
Weathering Properties: Stabilization     252
Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride     255
Weathering Properties     255
Thermoplastic Blends/Alloys
ABS Vinyl Resin Alloy
ABS Polyvinyl Chloride Alloy     257
Weathering Properties     257
Acrylic (PMMA) Polyvinyl Alloy     259
Weathering Properties     259
Polycarbonate ABS Alloy     261
Weathering Properties     261
Biodegradable Thermoplastic Alloys
Biodegradable Polyethylene Films
Biodegradable Polyethylene Films     263
Degradation Rate     263
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     264
Starch Synthetic Resin Alloy     269
Biodegradability     269
Thermosets
Polyester
Thermoset Polyester     271
Polyester Powder     271
Urethane Polyesters     271
Weathering Properties: UV Stabilization     271
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     272
Polyurethane
Polyurethane Reaction Injection Molding System     273
Weathering Properties     273
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     274
Thermoplastic Elastomers
Thermoplastic Elastomers
Thermoplastic Elastomers: Overview     279
Chlorinate Polyethylene Elastomer     281
Weathering Properties     281
Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomer     283
Weathering Properties     283
Outdoor Accelerated Exposure Testing     284
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     285
Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomer     301
Weathering Properties     301
Weathering Properties: Color Pigments     301
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     302
Polystyrene-Butadiene-Styrene Thermoplastic Weathering Properties     311
Styrenic Thermoplastic Elastomer     313
Weathering Properties     313
Weathering Properties: Stabilization     313
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     314
Urethane Thermoplastic Elastomer     315
Weathering Properties     315
Weathering Properties: UV Stabilization     316
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     317
Nitrile Thermoplastic Elastomers     323
Weathering Properties     323
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     324
Thermosetting Elastomers (Rubbers)
Thermoset Elastomers or Rubbers
Thermoset Elastomers or Robbers: Overview     325
Butyl Rubber, Bromobutyl Rubber, and Chlorobutyl Rubber     327
Weathering Properties     327
Weathering Properties: Ozone Resistance     327
Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Rubber     329
Weathering Properties     329
Weathering Properties: Color Pigments     329
Weathering Properties: Curing Systems     330
Weathering Properties: Fillers     331
Weathering Properties: Plasticizers     332
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     332
Ethylene-Propylene Copolymer     343
Weathering Properties      343
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     343
Ethylene-Propylene Diene Methylene Terpolymer     345
UV Resistance     345
Outdoor Weather Resistance     345
Accelerated Outdoor Weathering Resistance     346
Accelerated Artificial Weathering Resistance     347
Effect of Carbon Black on Weatherability     347
Effect of Color Pigments on Weatherability     347
Effective UV Screening Agents in Mineral-Filled Vulcanizates     348
Effect of Curing Systems on Weatherability     348
Effect of Plasticizers on Weatherability     348
Ozone Resistance     348
Neoprene Rubber     373
Weathering Properties     373
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     374
Polybutadiene     383
Weathering Properties     383
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     384
Polyisoprene Rubber     385
Weathering Properties     385
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     386
Polyurethane     391
Weathering Properties     391
Weathering Properties: Stabilization     391
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     392
Silicone Rubber     393
Weathering Properties     393
Weathering Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name     393
Fluoropolymers in Coating Applications     395
Architectural Fabrics     395
Fabric Base Materials     395
Fabric Coatings     395
Fabric Top Finishes or Topcoats     395
Weathering Resistance     396
Coil Coatings     399
Comparative Properties and Performance Chart     399
Coil Coating Topcoats     399
Glossary of Terms     401
References     445
Trade Name Index     453
Plastics Design Library     455