Disorders of Water, Electrolytes and Acid Base/Acute Renal Failure Book

Section I: Disorders of Water, Elecrolytes, and Acid-Base.

Introduction.

Chapter 1.

Diseases of Water Metabolism.

Sumit Kumar and Tomas Berl.

Physiology of the Renal Diluting and Concentrating Mechanisms.

Control of Water Balance and Serum Sodium Concentration.

Approach to the Hyponatremic Patient.

Approach to the Hypernateremic Patient.

Chapter 2.

Disorders of Sodium Balance.

David H Ellison.

Normal Extracellular Fluid Volume Homeostatsis.

Mechanisms of Extracellular Fluid Volume Control.

Mechanisms of Sodium and Chloride Transport Along the Nephron.

Causes, Signs, and Symptoms of Extracellular Fluid Volume Expansion and Contraction.

Unifying Hypothesis of Renal Sodium Excretion.

Mechanisms of Extracellular Fluid Volume Expansion in Congestive Heart Failure.

Mechanisms of Extracellular Fluid Volume Expansion in Cirrhosis.

Mechanisms of Extracellular Fluid Volume Expansion in Nephrotic Syndrome.

Extracellular Fluid Volume Homeostasis in Chronic Renal Failure.

Chapter 3.

Disorders of Potassium Metabolism.

Fredrick V Osorio and Stuart L Linas.

Overview of Potassium Pysiology.

Hypokalemia: Diagnostic Approach.

Hypokalemia: Clinical Manifestations.

Hypokalemia: Treatment.

Hyperkalemia: Diagnostic Approach.

Hyperkalemia: Clinical Manifestations.

Myperkalemia: Treatment.

Chapter 4.

Divalent Cation Metabolism: Magnesium.

James T McCarthy and Rafiv Kumar.

Magnesium Distribution.

Intracellular Magnesium Metabolism.

Gastrointestinal Absorption of Magnesium.

Renal Handling of Magnesium.

Magnesium Depletion.

Chapter 5.

Divalent CationMetabolism: Calcium.

James T McCarthy and Rajiv Kumar.

Calcium Distribution.

Intracellular Calcium Metabolism.

Vitamin D and Parathyriod Hormone Actions.

Gastrointestinal Absorption of Calcium.

Renal Handling of Calcium.

Disturbances of Serum Calcium.

Secondary Hyperparathyroidsm.

Calcium and Vitamin D Preparations.

Chapter 6.

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance.

Horacio J Androgue and Nicolaos E Madias.

Respiratory Acidosis.

Respiratory Alkalosis.

Metabolic Alkalosis.

Chapter 7.

Disorders of Phosphate Balance.

Moshe Levi and Mordicai Popovtzer.

Renal Tubular Phosphate Reabsorption.

Hypophosphatemia/Hyperphosphatemia.

Section II: Acute Renal Failure.

Introduction.

Chapter 8.

Acute renal Failure: Causes and Prognosis.

Fernando Liano.

Causes of Acute Renal Failure.

Epidemiology of Acute Renal Failure.

Hospital-Related Epidemiologic Data.

Prognosis.

Chapter 9.

Renal Histopatology, Urine Cytology, and Cytopathology of Acute Renal Failure Lorraine C. Racusen and Cynthia C Nast.

Glomerular Diseases.

Vascular Diseases.

Interstitial Disease.

Tubular Diseases.

Chapter 10.

Acute Renal Failure in the Transplanted Kidney.

Kim Solez and Lorraine C Racusen.

Acute Rejection.

Acute Tubule Necrosis.

Cyclosporine Toxicity.

Posttransplant Lymphoprolifertive Disorder.

Subclinical Rejection.

Thrombotic Microangiopathy.

Chapter 11.

Renal Injury Due to Environmental Toxins, Drugs and Contrast Agents.

Marc E De Broe.

General Nephrotoxic Factors.

Aminoglycosides.

Amphotericin B.

Cyclosporine.

Lithium-Induced Acute Renal Faliure.

Inhibitors of the Renin-Angiotensin System.

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs.

Contrast Medium-Associated Nephrotoxicity.

Chapter 12.

Diagnostic Evaluation of the Patient with Acute Renal Faliure.

Brian G Dwinnell and Robert J Anderson.

Blood Urea Nitrogen, Creatinine, and Renal Failure.

Categorization of Causes of Acute Renal Failure.

Diagnostic Steps in Evaluating Acute Renal Failure.

Vascular Mechanisms Involved in Acute Renal Failure.

Acute Glomerulonephritis.

Interstitial Nephritis.

Acute Tubular Necrosis.

Nephrotoxin Acute Renal Failure.

Chapter 13.

Pathophysiology of Ischemic Acute Renal Failure: Cytoskeletal Aspects Bruce A Molitoris and Robert Bacallao.

Chapter 14.

Pathophysiology of Ischemic Acute Renal Failure.

Michael S Goligorsky and Wilfred Lieberthal.

Vasoactive Hormones.

Leukocytes in Acute Renal Failure.

Mechanisms of Cell Death: Necrosis and Apoptosis.

Chapter 15.

Pathophysiology of Nephrotoxic Acute Renal Failure.

Rick G Schnellmann and Katrina J Kelly.

Clinical Significance of Toxincant-Medicated Acute Renal Failure.

Renal Cellular Responses to Toxicant Exposures.

Mechanisms of Toxicant-Medicated Cellular Injury.

Chapter 16.

Acute Renal Failure: Cellular Features of Injury and Repair Kevin T Bush, Hiroyuki Sakurai, Tatsuo Tsukamoto, and Sanjay K Nigam.

The Ischemic Epithelial Cell.

Reassembly of the permeability Barrier.

The Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response in Ischemia.

Growth Factors and Morphogenesis.

Chapter 17.

Molecular Responses and Growth Factors.

Steven B Miller and Babu J Padanilam.

Growth Factors in Acute Renal Failure.

Clinical use of Growth Factors in Acute Renal Failure.

Future Directions.

Chapter 18.

Nutrition and Metabolism in Acute Renal Failure.

Wilfred Druml.

Metabolic Alterations in Acute Renal Failure.

Metabolic Impact of Renal Replacement Therapy.

Nutrition, Renal Function, and Recovery.

Desision Making, Patient Classification, and Nutritional Requirements.

Enteral Nutrition.

Parenteral Nutrition