Cross-Cultural Psychology: Critical Thinking and Contemporary Applications Book

Found in this Section:

1. Brief Table of Contents

2. Full Table of Contents

1. BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 Understanding Cross-Cultural Psychology

Chapter 2 Methodology of Cross-Cultural Research

Chapter 3 Critical Thinking in Cross-Cultural Psychology

Chapter 4 Cognition: Sensation, Perception, and States of Consciousness

Chapter 5 Intelligence

Chapter 6 Emotion

Chapter 7 Motivation and Behavior

Chapter 8 Human Development and Socialization

Chapter 9 Psychological Disorders

Chapter 10 Social Perception and Social Cognition

Chapter 11 Social Interaction

Chapter 12 Applied Cross-Cultural Psychology: Some Highlights

2. FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1: Understanding Cross-Cultural Psychology

What Is Cross-Cultural Psychology?

Basic Definitions

Cultural Traditionalism

Empirical Examination of Culture

Collectivism and Individualism: Further Research

Cultural Syndromes

Evolutionary Approach

Sociological Approach

Ecocultural Approach

The Cultural Mixtures Approach

The Integrative Approach: A Summary

Indigenous Psychology

Ethnocentrism

Multiculturalism

A Brief History of the Field

Chapter 2: Methodology of Cross-Cultural Research

Goals of Cross-Cultural Research

Quantitative Research in Cross-Cultural Psychology

Quantitative Approach: Measurement Scales

Quantitative Approach: Looking for Links and Differences

Qualitative Approach in Cross-Cultural Psychology

Major Steps for Preparation of a Cross-Cultural Study

Sample Selection

Observation in Cross-Cultural Psychology

Survey Methods

Experimental Studies

Content-Analysis

Focus-Group Methodology

Meta-Analysis: Research of Research

A Hidden Obstacle of Cross-Cultural Studies: Test Translation

Comparing Two Phenomena: Some Important Principles

On Similarities and Differences: Some Critical Thinking Applications

Cultural Dichotomies

Avoiding Bias of Generalizations

Know More about Cultures You Examine

Chapter 3: Critical Thinking in Cross-Cultural Psychology

The Evaluative Bias of Language: To Describe Is to Prescribe

Differentiating Dichotomous Variables and Continuous Variables: Black and White, or Shades of Gray?

The Similarity–Uniqueness Paradox: All Phenomena Are Both Similar and Different

The Barnum Effect: "One-Size-Fits-All" Descriptions

The Assimilation Bias: Viewing the World through Schema-Colored Glasses

The Representativeness Bias: Fits and Misfits of Categorization

The Availability Bias: The Persuasive Power of Vivid Events

The Fundamental Attribution Error: Underestimating the Impact of External Influences

The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: When Expectations Create Reality

Correlation Does Not Prove Causation: Confusing "What" with "Why"

Bidirectional Causation and Multiple Causation: Causal Loops and Compound Pathways

The Naturalistic Fallacy: Blurring the Line between "Is" and "Should"

The Belief Perseverance Effect: "Don’t Confuse Me with the Facts!"

Conclusions: "To Metathink or Not to Metathink?"

Chapter 4: Cognition: Sensation, Perception, and States of Consciousness

Sensation and Perception: Basic Principles

How Culture Influences What We Perceive 106

How People Perceive Pictures

Perception of Depth

Are People Equally Misled by Visual Illusions?

Some Cultural Patterns of Drawing

Perception of Color

Other Senses

Perception of Time

Perception of the Beautiful

Perception of Music

Consciousness and Culture

Sleep and Cultural Significance of Dreams

Beyond Altered States of Consciousness

Chapter 5: Intelligence

Defining Intelligence

Ethnic Differences in IQ Scores

Explaining Group Differences in Test Scores: Intelligence and Intelligent Behavior

Do Biological Factors Contribute to Intelligence?

Incompatibility of Tests: Cultural Biases

A Word about "Cultural Literacy"

Environment and Intelligence

Socioeconomic Factors

The Family Factor

"Natural Selection" and IQ Scores

Cultural Values of Cognition

General Cognition: What Is "Underneath" Intelligence?

Cognitive Skills, School Grades, and Educational Systems

Culture, Tests, and Motivation

IQ, Culture, and Social Justice

And in the End, Moral Values

Chapter 6: Emotion

When We Laugh We Are Happy: Similarities of Emotional Experience

You Cannot Explain Pain if You Have Never Been Hurt: Differences in Emotional Experience

Emotions: Different or Universal?

Physiological Arousal

The Meaning of Preceding Events

Emotion as an Evaluation

We Are Expected to Feel in a Particular Way

How People Assess Emotional Experience 1

When Emotions Signal a Challenge: Cross-Cultural Research on Stress and Anxiety

Expression of Emotion

When Emotion Hurts: Cross-Cultural Studies of Anger

Emotion and Inclination to Act

Emotion and Judgment

Chapter 7: Motivation and Behavior

A Glance into Evolution

Social Science: See the Society First

Drive and Arousal: Two Universal Mechanisms of Motivation

The Power of the Unconscious: Psychoanalysis

Humanistic Theories

Learning and Motivation

A Carrot and a Beef Tongue: Hunger and Food Preference

When Hunger Causes Distress: Eating Disorders

Victory and Harmony: Achievement Motivation

Aggressive Motivation and Violence

Culture and Sexuality

Sex and Sexuality: Some Cross-Cultural Similarities

Chapter 8: Human Development and Socialization

Development and Socialization

Quality of Life and the Child’s Development

Norms, Customs, and Child Care

Parental Values and Expectations

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

Stages of Moral Development According to Kohlberg

Developmental Stages

Life before Birth: Prenatal Period

First Steps: Infancy

Discovering the World: Childhood

Major Rehearsal: Adolescence

Adulthood

Late Adulthood

Chapter 9: Psychological Disorders

American Background: DSM-IV

Two Views on Culture and Psychopathology

Culture-Bound Syndromes

Anxiety Disorders

Depressive Disorders

Schizophrenia

Culture and Suicide

Personality Disorders

Is Substance Abuse Culturally Bound?

Psychodiagnostic Biases

Psychotherapy

Culture Match?

Chapter 10: Social Perception and Social Cognition

Values

Western and Non-Western Values

Striving for Consistency: The Cognitive Balance Theory

Avoiding Inconsistency: Cognitive Dissonance

Psychological Dogmatism

Social Attribution

Attribution as Locus of Control

Attribution of Success and Failure

Self-Perception

Do Social Norms Affect the Way We See Our Own Body?

Duty and Fairness in Individualist and Collectivist Cultures

Stereotypes and the Power of Generalizations

On "National Character"

Chapter 11: Social Interaction

Universal Interaction

Direct Contacts and Body Language

Conformity

Is Conformity Universal across Cultures?

Following Orders

Social Influence

Feeling Good about Some Views

Is Social Loafing Universal?

Cooperation and Competition

Leadership

Chapter 12: Applied Cross-Cultural Psychology: Some Highlights

Health

Spirituality, Science, and Health

Business Decisions

Working with Immigrants

Education

Culture, Behavior, and the Law

Human Rights

Working and Serving Abroad

Religion: A Campus Context

Conclusion