Creation of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons: A case study in the birth of an intergovernmental Organisation Book

Summary of contents v

Preface Ian R. Kenyon vii

List of Abbreviations/Acronyms xix

Chapter 1 Why We Need a Chemical Weapons Convention and an OPCW? Ian R. Kenyon 1

1 Introduction 1

2 The Nature of Chemical Weapons 2

3 History until 1945 4

4 History from 1946 to CWC Entry into Force 5

5 Disarmament Negotiations 7

6 The Chemical Weapons Convention 15

6.1 Overview 15

6.2 Scope 16

6.3 Confidentiality 18

6.4 Sanctions 19

6.5 Other provisions 19

Chapter 2 How and Why OPCW Came to The Hague Daniel Feakes Ian R. Kenyon 21

1 Netherlands Interest in the Concept of an International CWC Organisation 21

2 Origins of the Netherlands' Bid for the Seat of the OPCW 23

3 Development of the Netherlands Bid 25

4 The Lobbying Campaign 26

5 The Selection of The Hague 28

Chapter 3 Establishing the Preparatory Commission and Creating the OPCW Technical Secretariat Ian R. Kenyon 31

1 Concept Development 31

2 Article VII 33

3 The Transition form Geneva to The Hague 34

4 The CWC Signing Ceremony and the Paris Resolution 36

5 First Session of the Preparatory Commission 37

6 Preparatory Commission Negotiating Machinery 39

6.1 Plenary sessions 39

6.2 Working groups 39

6.3 Other subsidiary bodies 42

7 Administrative Issues for the Preparatory Commission 43

7.1 Budget 43

7.2 Insurance and superannuation 44

7.3 Finance 45

7.4 Accommodation for the Provisional Technical Secretariat 46

7.5 Conference accommodation 46

7.6 Conference services 47

7.7 The language issue 48

7.8 Information technology 49

8 The Provisional Technical Secretariat 50

8.1 Establishment of the PTS 50

8.2 Senior appointments 52

8.3 Seconded personnel 53

8.4 Formalrecruitment 54

8.5 Filling out the Secretariat structure 55

8.6 Adjustments to the Technical Secretariat structure after entry into force 60

9 Progress of the work 62

10 Rate of Deposit of Ratifications 63

11 Phase II and the Six Month Build-up to Entry into Force 66

Chapter 4 Legal Aspects of the Preparatory Commission for the OPCW as an International Organisation Johan Rautenbach Lisa Tabassi 69

1 Introduction 69

1.1 Legal basis, constituent instrument and membership 69

1.2 Mandate 72

2 Legal Matters Dealt with by the Commission 73

3 The Emergence of Unexpected Legal Issues 76

3.1 Errors in the certified copies of the Convention 76

3.2 Establishment of the OPCW Laboratory 77

3.3 Interpretation of the Paris Resolution 78

3.4 Suspension of implementation of parts of the Treaty 78

3.5 Dilemma faced by the original States Parlies 79

3.6 Rights of States not party regarding participation in meetings during the FSCSP 79

4 Conclusion 81

Chapter 5 Housing the New Organisation Paul A. Ryan 83

1 Introduction 83

2 The Preparatory Phases-Interim Accommodation, Phase 1 83

3 The Full Implementation Phase: A Purpose-Built Headquarters Building 85

3.1 The land price 87

3.2 The selection process for the new OPCW building 88

3.3 The decision to rent or purchase the building 89

3.4 The legal documents 90

3.5 Existing buildings 92

3.6 The realisation of the new building 93

4 Additional Accommodation Issues 94

4.1 OPCW Laboratory 94

4.2 Conference facilities 95

4.3 Car parking 96

4.4 Security 97

5 Interim Accommodation: Phase 2 98

5.1 The sole supplier contract 99

5.2 The sole supplier 100

5.3 The implementation of the sole supplier contract 100

6 Reflections 102

6.1 Accommodation matters 102

6.2 Sole supplier contract 103

Chapter 6 Recruitment and Training of Inspectors Ron G. Manley 105

1 Introduction 105

2 Planning Inspector Training 108

3 Inspector Recruitment 109

4 Training the Inspectors 110

5 Entry into Force 111

Chapter 7 Preparing to Conduct Inspections Ron G. Manley 113

1 Introduction 113

2 Health and Safety 114

2.1 Health and safety policy 114

2.2 Health and safety regulations 118

2.3 Other health and safety related issues 118

3 Inspection Equipment 120

3.1 Operational requirements and specifications for equipment 121

3.2 Reference system for geographical coordinates 123

3.3 Procurement and evaluation of inspection equipment 124

3.4 List of approved equipment 125

4 Sample Collection and Analysis 126

4.1 OPCW laboratory 126

4.2 Designation and testing of laboratories 128

4.3 Transport of samples for off-site analysis 130

4.4 OPCW analytical database 132

4.5 Operation of the GC/MS in the blinded mode 134

5 Inspection Procedures 134

5.1 Specific types of equipment for specific types of inspection 135

5.2 Procedures for inspection equipment at the Point of Entry (POE) 135

5.3 Measures relating to approved equipment at end of the inspection 136

6 The Last Mile 137

Chapter 8 Preparing for Disarmament: Articles III, IV and V Ron G. Manley 139

1 Introduction 139

2 Old Chemical Weapons 140

3 Abandoned Chemical Weapons 140

4 Buried and Sea Dumped Chemical Weapons 141

5 Destruction Timelines 142

6 Conversion of Chemical Weapons Production Facilities 143

7 Sampling at Chemical Weapons Storage Sites 144

8 Soviet Union/United States Bilateral Negotiations 145

9 Expert Groups 146

10 Developments in the Expert Group Structure 147

11 Common Issues 148

11.1 Declaration formats 148

11.2 Inspection activities 151

11.3 Model facility agreements 152

11.4 Bilateral/multilateral verification procedures 152

12 Chemical Weapon Storage Facilities 153

12.1 CW storage locations 154

12.2 Frequency and duration of inspections 156

13 Chemical Weapon Destruction Facilities 157

13.1 Transitional verification arrangements 158

13.2 Destruction criteria and methods 159

13.3 Verifying the quantity of chemical weapons destroyed 160

13.4 Production of Schedule 2 chemicals as a by-product of destruction 161

13.5 Simulant, training and museum exhibits 162

13.6 Installed monitoring equipment 163

14 Chemical Weapon Production Facilities 164

14.1 Closure or inactivation 165

14.2 Permitted maintenance 165

14.3 Risk assessment 166

14.4 Production capacity 168

14.5 Conversion-temporary 168

14.6 Conversion 169

15 Old and Abandoned Chemical Weapons 171

15.1 Verification regime for old chemical weapons 171

15.2 Verification regime for abandoned CW 172

15.3 Usability 173

16 Article IV and V Verification Costs 174

17 The End Game 175

18 Post EIF Realism 176

Chapter 9 Keeping Peaceful Uses Peaceful: Article VI Daniel Feakes 179

1 Introduction 179

2 The Involvement of the Chemical Industry in the CWC Negotiations 180

2.1 Why did. industry get involved? 180

2.2 The mechanics of interaction 181

2.3 Industry concerns 185

3 Industry-Related Provisions of the CWC 185

3.1 Article II: Definitions 186

3.2 Article VI: Activities not prohibited under the Convention 187

3.3 Article IX: Consultations, cooperation and fact-finding 188

3.4 Annex on Chemicals 189

4 Industry Interaction with the Preparatory Commission 191

5 Major Industry and Related Issues for the Preparatory Commission 192

5.1 Declarations and inspections 193

5.2 Confidentiality 196

5.3 Other issues 199

5.4 Entry into force 201

6 Conclusions 202

Chapter 10 National Implementation: Article VII Lisa Tabassi 205

1 Introduction 205

2 'Necessary Measures' 206

3 National Implementation as Envisaged during the Treaty Negotiations 1984-1991 207

4 Aclivities to Support Preparations for National Implementation 1993-1997 209

5 Manual for National Implementation 210

6 Model National Implementing Legislation, National Examples and Assistance with Legislative Drafting 210

7 Regional Seminars on National Implementation 212

8 Seminars on National Implementation 213

9 Training courses for National Authorities 214

10 National Papers on Implementation 216

11 NGO Collaboration 216

12 The Result: Status at Entry into Force and Progress in the First Decade 218

13 Conclusion 221

Chapter 11 Maintaining Honesty: Article IX Ralf Trapp 223

1 Introduction 223

2 Key Provisions of Article IX 225

3 Start of Work on Challenge Inspection by the Preparatory Commission 227

4 Discussions of the Practical Aspects of Challenge Inspection 229

5 The Question of Abuse 232

6 The Confidentiality Issue 234

7 Other Challenge Inspection Issues 235

7.1 Provisions regarding the observer in challenge inspection 235

7.2 Challenge inspections conducted to investigate allegations of chemical weapons use 236

8 Article IX-The Implementation 237

Chapter 12 Helping Those Threatened or Attacked: Article X Ian R. Kenyon Hassan Mashhadi 239

1 The Political Debate 239

1.1 Areas of disagreement 240

1.2 An attempt to find common ground 242

2 The Adopted Text 243

3 The Preparatory Commission 244

4 Article X: Unfinished Business? 247

5 Conclusion 248

Chapter 13 Cooperation in Peaceful Uses: Article XI Ian R. Kenyon Sergei Kisselev 249

Chapter 14 The First Ten Years Ralf Trapp 261

1 Introduction 261

2 The First Session of the Conference of the States Parties 261

3 Institution Building 264

4 Elimination of Chemical Weapons Stockpiles and Production Facilities 268

5 Verification 270

6 National Implementation 278

7 Assistance and Protection 281

8 International Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Chemistry 284

9 Universality of the Chemical Weapons Convention 287

10 Concluding Remarks 289

Chapter 15 Lessons Learned 291

1 Introduction 291

2 Need for PrepCom Process 291

3 Sound Start 291

4 UN Membership 291

5 Location 292

6 Timelines 292

7 Initial Admin Support 292

8 Bilaterals 293

9 Unrealised Concerns 293

10 Importance of the Support of the Industry 293

11 Informal Legal Basis 294

12 Use as Model for CTBTO-PC 294

13 Caution in Negotiating Inspection Procedures 294

14 National Implementation 295

15 Name Problems 295

16 Envoi 295

About the Authors 297

Illustrations 301

Index 313