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Historical and Professional Foundations of Counseling 1
History of and Trends in Counseling 3
Definition of Counseling 4
Guidance 5
Psychotherapy 6
Counseling 6
History of Counseling 8
Before 1900 8
1900-1909 8
1910s 9
1920s 10
1930s 11
1940s 11
1950s 12
1960s 14
1970s 15
1980s 16
1990s 19
Current Trends in the New Millennium 20
Dealing with Violence, Trauma, and Crises 20
The Challenge of Managed Care 21
Promoting Wellness 21
Greater Emphasis on the Use of Technology 22
Leadership, Planning, and Advocacy 22
Identity 23
Summary and Conclusion 24
Summary Table-Highlights in the History of Counseling 25
Classroom Activities 26
References 27
Personal and Professional Aspects of Counseling 33
The Personality and Background of the Counselor 34
Negative Motivators for Becoming a Counselor 34
Personal Qualities of an Effective Counselor 35
Maintaining Effectiveness as a Counselor 37
Professional Aspects of Counseling 38
Levels of Helping 38
Professional Helping Specialties 39
The Education of Professional Counselors 40
Credentialing of Counselors 41
Inspection 42
Registration 42
Certification 42
Licensure 44
Attribution and Systematic Framework of the Counselor 44
Attributes 44
Systems of Counseling 46
Engaging in Professional Counseling-Related Activities 48
Continuing Education 48
Supervision 49
Advocacy 50
Portfolios 51
Summary and Conclusion 51
Classroom Activities 52
References 52
Ethical and Legal Aspects of Counseling 57
Definitions: Ethics, Morality, and Law 58
Ethics and Counseling 59
Professional Codes of Ethics and Standards 59
The Development of Codes of Ethics for Counselors 60
Limitations of Ethical Codes 61
Conflicts Within and Among Ethical Codes 62
Making Ethical Decisions 62
Other Guidelines for Acting Ethically 63
Educating Counselors in Ethical Decision Making 64
Ethics in Specific Counseling Situations 65
School Counseling and Ethics 68
Computers, Counseling, and Ethics 68
Marriage/Family Counseling and Ethics 68
Other Counseling Settings and Ethics 69
Multiple Relationships 69
Working with Counselors Who May Act Unethically 70
The Law and Counseling 71
Legal Recognition of Counseling 72
Legal Aspects of the Counseling Relationship 72
Civil and Criminal Liability 74
Legal Issues Involved When Counseling Minors 75
Client Rights and Records 75
The Counselor in Court 77
Ethics and the Law: Two Ways of Thinking 77
Summary and Conclusion 78
Classroom Activities 79
References 79
Counseling in a Multicultural and Diverse Society 85
Counseling Across Culture and Ethnicity 86
Defining Culture and Multicultural Counseling 87
History of Multicultural Counseling 88
Difficulties in Multicultural Counseling 89
Issues in Multicultural Counseling 90
Counseling Considerations with Specific Cultural Groups 93
European Americans 94
African Americans 94
Hispanics/Latinos 95
Asian and Pacific Islander Americans 96
Native Americans 96
International Counseling 98
Aged Populations 99
Old Age 100
Needs of the Aged 100
Counseling the Aged 101
Gender-Based Counseling 102
Counseling Women 103
Counseling Men 106
Counseling and Sexual Orientation 108
Counseling with Gays/Lesbians/Bisexuals/Transgenders 109
Counseling and Spirituality 109
Summary and Conclusion 111
Classroom Activities 112
References 112
Counseling Process and Theories 119
Building a Counseling Relationship 121
Factors That Influence the Counseling Process 122
Structure 122
Initiative 123
The Physical Setting 128
Client Qualities 129
Counselor Qualities 130
Types of Initial Interviews 131
Client-versus Counselor-Initiated Interviews 131
Information-Oriented First Interview 132
Relationship-Oriented First Interview 133
Conducting the Initial Interview 135
Empathy 136
Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior 136
Nonhelpful Interview Behavior 138
Exploration and the Identification of Goals 140
Summary and Conclusion 141
Classroom Activities 142
References 142
Working in a Counseling Relationship 147
Counselor Skills in the Understanding and Action Phases 149
Changing Perceptions 150
Leading 151
Multifocused Responding 151
Accurate Empathy 153
Self Disclosure 155
Immediacy 156
Humor 157
Confrontation 158
Contracting 159
Rehearsal 160
Transference and Countertransference 161
Transference 162
Countertransference 164
The Real Relationship 165
Summary and Conclusion 166
Classroom Activities 166
References 167
Termination of Counseling Relationships 171
Function of Termination 172
Timing of Termination 173
Issues of Termination 174
Termination of Individual Sessions 174
Termination of a Counseling Relationship 175
Resistance to Termination 176
Client Resistance 176
Counselor Resistance 177
Premature Termination 178
Counselor-Initiated Termination 180
Ending on a Positive Note 181
Issues Related to Termination: Follow-up and Referral 182
Follow-up 182
Referral and Recycling 182
Summary and Conclusion 183
Classroom Activities 184
References 184
Psychoanalytic, Adlerian, and Humanistic Theories of Counseling 187
Theory 188
Importance of Theory 189
Theory into Practice 190
Psychoanalytic Theories 192
Psychoanalysis 192
Adlerian Theory 195
Adlerian Counseling
Humanistic Theories 199
Person-Centered Counseling 199
Existential Counseling 202
Gestalt Therapy 204
Summary and Conclusion 208
Classroom Activities 208
References 209
Behavioral, Cognitive, Systemic, Brief, and Crisis Theories of Counseling 213
Behavior Counseling 214
Behavioral Therapy 214
Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Counseling 218
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) 219
Reality Therapy 221
Systems Theories 224
Bowenian Systems Theory 224
Structural Family Counseling 227
Strategic (Brief) Counseling 229
Brief Counseling Approaches 231
Solution-Focused Counseling 231
Narrative Counseling 233
Crisis Counseling Approaches 235
Crisis Counseling
Summary and Conclusion 238
Classroom Activities 238
References 239
Core Counseling Activities in Various Settings 243
Groups in Counseling 245
A Brief History of Groups 246
Psychodrama 247
T-Groups 247
Encounter Groups 247
Group Marathons 248
Self-Help/Support Groups 248
Misperceptions and Realities About Groups 248
The Place of Groups in Counseling 249
Benefits and Drawbacks of Groups 250
Types of Groups 251
Psychoeducational Groups 251
Counseling Groups 252
Psychotherapy Groups 252
Task/Work Groups 253
Theoretical Approaches in Conducting Groups 253
Stages in Groups 254
Issues in Groups 255
Selection and Preparation of Group Members 257
Group Size and Duration 259
Open versus Closed Groups 260
Confidentiality 260
Physical Structure 261
Co-leaders 261
Self-disclosure 261
Feedback 262
Follow-up 262
Qualities of Effective Group Leaders 263
The Future of Group Work 263
Summary and Conclusion 266
Classroom Activities 266
References 267
Consultation 271
Consultation: Defining a Multifaceted Activity 272
Consultation versus Counseling 274
Four Conceptual Models 275
Levels of Consultation 276
Individual Consultation 276
Group Consultation 277
Organization/Community Consultation 277
Stages and Attitudes in Consultation 278
Specific Areas of Consultation 280
School Consultation 280
Agency Consultation 282
Training in Consultation 283
Summary and Conclusion 286
Classroom Activities 286
References 286
Evaluation and Research 291
The Nature of Evaluation and Research 292
Evaluation 293
Incorrect Evaluation Methods 293
Steps in Evaluation 293
Selecting an Evaluation Model 294
Counselors and Research 297
Research 298
Steps in the Research Process 298
The Relevance of Research 299
Choosing a Research Method 300
Emphases of Research 300
Major Research Methods 302
Guidelines for Using Research 306
Statistics 307
Statistical Concepts 307
Statistical Methods 308
Summary and Conclusion 309
Classroom Activities 309
References 310
Testing, Assessment, and Diagnosis in Counseling 315
A Brief History of the Use of Tests in Counseling 316
Tests and Test Scores 318
Problems and Potential of Using Tests 319
Qualities of Good Tests 320
Validity 321
Reliability 322
Standardization and Norms 322
Classification of Tests 322
Intelligence/Aptitude 323
Interest/Career 324
Personality 326
Achievement 329
Administration and Interpretation of Tests 330
Assessment 332
Diagnosis 334
Summary and Conclusion 335
Classroom Activities 336
References 336
Counseling Specialties 341
Career Counseling over the Life Span 343
The Importance of Career Counseling 345
Career Counseling Associations and Credentials 345
The Scope of Career Counseling and Careers 346
Career Information 347
Career Development Theories and Counseling 349
Trait-and-Factor Theory 349
Psychodynamic Theory 351
Developmental Theories 353
Social-Cognitive Theories 356
Comprehensive Career Counseling 357
Career Counseling with Diverse Populations 358
Career Counseling with Children 358
Career Counseling with Adolescents 361
Career Counseling with College Students 363
Career Counseling with Adults 363
Career Counseling with Women and Ethnic Minorities 365
Career Counseling with Gays/Lesbians/Bisexuals/Transgenders 368
Summary and Conclusion 369
Classroom Activities 369
References 370
Marriage and Family Counseling 377
The Beginnings of Marriage and Family Counseling 379
Trends 379
Family Therapy Pioneers and Contemporary Leaders 380
Associations, Education, and Research 381
Associations 381
Education 382
Research 382
Family Life and the Family Life Cycle 383
Marriage/Family Counseling versus Individual/Group Counseling 386
Overview of Marriage/Couples and Family Counseling 387
Marriage/Couples Counseling 387
Family Counseling 389
The Process of Marriage and Family Counseling 390
Presession Planning 391
Initial Session(s) 391
The Middle Phase of Family Counseling 392
Termination 394
Summary and Conclusion 395
Classroom Activities 395
References 396
Elementary, Middle, and Secondary School Counseling 399
Elementary School Counseling and Guidance 401
Emphases and Roles 402
Activities 404
Middle School Counseling and Guidance 410
Emphases and Roles 411
Activities 412
Secondary School Counseling and Guidance 415
Emphases and Roles 416
Activities 417
Twenty-First Century School Counseling 422
Summary and Conclusion 423
Classroom Activities 424
References 424
College Counseling and Student-Life Services 431
The Beginning of Student-Life Services and College Counseling 433
The Theoretical Bases and Professional Preparation for Working with College Students 434
Theoretical Bases 435
Professional Preparation 436
College Counseling 436
Emphases and Roles 436
Activities 437
Student-Life Professionals 442
Emphases and Roles 442
Activities 444
Counseling and Student-Life Services with Nontraditional Students 445
Older Students 445
First-Generation Students 446
Minority Culture Students 446
Student Athletes 447
Summary and Conclusion 447
Classroom Activities 448
References 448
Substance Abuse and Disability Counseling 455
Substance Abuse Counseling 456
The Nature of Substance Abuse 456
Affiliation, Certification, and Education of Substance Abuse Counselors 457
Preventing Substance Abuse 458
Treating Substance Abuse 459
Treating Alcohol Abuse 460
Treating Nicotine Addictions 460
Treating Illegal Drug Addiction 461
Treating Substance Abuse Families 461
Treating Work Addiction 462
Women and Cultural Groups in Substance Abuse Treatment 463
Counseling those with Disabilities 463
The Nature of Disabilities 464
The Affiliation, Certification, and Education of Disability Counselors 465
Working with the Disabled 465
Clients with Specific Disabilities 467
Summary and Conclusion 469
Classroom Activities 470
References 470
Mental Health and Community Counseling 475
Historical Overview of Mental Health and Community Counseling 476
Mental Health Counseling 476
Community Counseling 477
Mental Health Counseling as a Specialty 477
Theories and Functions 479
Community Counseling as a Specialty 483
Private Practice as a Specialty 484
Difficulties Setting Up a Private Practice 485
Advantages in Setting Up a Private Practice 485
Summary and Conclusion 486
Classroom Activities 486
References 487
ACA Code of Ethics 489
Ethics NBCC: The Practice of Internet Counseling 508
DSM-IV-TR Classification 511
Counseling-Related Organizations 520
Name Index 521
Subject Index 535
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Add Counseling, This updated fifth edition reflects the 2005 ACA code of ethics and encompasses all that counseling is today–addressing the history of counseling and the theory behind its practice; exploring the multicultural, ethical, legal environments in which counse, Counseling to the inventory that you are selling on WonderClubX
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Add Counseling, This updated fifth edition reflects the 2005 ACA code of ethics and encompasses all that counseling is today–addressing the history of counseling and the theory behind its practice; exploring the multicultural, ethical, legal environments in which counse, Counseling to your collection on WonderClub |