Constitutional Law for a Changing America : Institutional Powers and Constraints Book

	Preface	xvii
I	The U.S. Constitution
	An Introduction to the U.S. Constitution	3
	The Road to the U.S. Constitution	3
	Underlying Principles of the Constitution	7
	Readings	11
1.	Understanding the U.S. Supreme Court	13
	Processing Supreme Court Cases	13
	Supreme Court Decisionmaking: Legally Relevant Approaches	24
	Supreme Court Decisionmaking: Extralegal Approaches	35
	Conducting Research on the Supreme Court	47
	Readings	49
II	Institutional Authority
	Structuring the Federal System	55
	Origins of the Separation of Powers/Checks and Balances System	55
	Separation of Powers and the Constitution	57
	Contemporary Thinking on the Constitutional Scheme: Separation of Powers Games	58
	Readings	60
2.	The Judiciary	61
	Establishment of the Federal Judiciary	62
	Judicial Review	66
	Marbury v. Madison (1803)	66
	Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816)	78
	Eakin v. Raub (1825)	87
	Constraints on Judicial Power: Article III	91
	Ex parte McCardle (1869)	92
	Baker v. Carr (1962)	99
	Nixon v. United States (1993)	105
	Flast v. Cohen (1968)	110
	Constraints on Judicial Power: The Separation of Powers/Checks and Balances System	117
	Readings	119
3.	The Legislature	121
	Article I: Historical Overview	121
	Congressional Authority over Internal Affairs: Institutional Independence and Integrity	125
	Powell v. McCormack (1969)	128
	U.S. Term Limits v. Thornton (1995)	134
	Gravel v. United States (1972)	142
	Sources and Scope of Legislative Powers	147
	McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)	149
	McGrain v. Daugherty (1927)	157
	Watkins v. United States (1957)	161
	Barenblatt v. United States (1959)	166
	United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. (1936)	174
	South Carolina v. Katzenbach (1966)	179
	Readings	183
4.	The Executive	185
	Article II: Basic Considerations	185
	The Faithful Execution of the Laws: Defining the Contours of Presidential Power	194
	In re Neagle (1890)	194
	Domestic Powers of the President	200
	Clinton v. City of New York (1998)	201
	Morrison v. Olson (1988)	206
	Myers v. United States (1926)	216
	Humphrey's Executor v. United States (1935)	220
	United States v. Nixon (1974)	224
	Mississippi v. Johnson (1867)	229
	Nixon v. Fitzgerald (1982)	232
	Clinton v. Jones (1997)	237
	Ex parte Grossman (1925)	243
	Murphy v. Ford (1975)	246
	The President and Foreign Policy	248
	United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. (1936)	248
	Readings	251
5.	The Separation of Powers System in Action	252
	Domestic Powers	252
	Mistretta v. United States (1989)	257
	Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha (1983)	262
	Bowsher v. Synar (1986)	266
	Presidential Power During War and National Emergencies	271
	The Prize Cases (1863)	272
	Ex parte Milligan (1866)	275
	Korematsu v. United States (1944)	283
	Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company v. Sawyer (1952)	288
	Dames & Moore v. Regan (1981)	293
	Readings	296
III	Nation-State Relations
	Allocating Government Power	299
	The Framers and Federalism	300
	The Tenth and Eleventh Amendments	301
	Readings	303
6.	Federalism	305
	Nation-State Relations: The Doctrinal Cycle	305
	McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)	307
	Scott v. Sandford (1857)	313
	Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918)	321
	United States v. Darby Lumber (1941)	325
	National League of Cities v. Usery (1976)	327
	Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority (1985)	333
	New York v. United States (1992)	339
	Printz v. United States (1997)	344
	The Eleventh Amendment	350
	Alden v. Maine (1999)	352
	New Judicial Federalism	359
	Michigan v. Long (1983)	361
	National Preemption of State Laws	369
	State of Missouri v. Holland (1920)	369
	Crosby v. National Foreign Trade Council (2000)	371
	Pennsylvania v. Nelson (1956)	376
	Pacific Gas and Electric Company v. State Energy Resources Conservation and Development Commission (1983)	379
	Readings	383
7.	The Commerce Power	385
	Constitutional Foundations of the Commerce Power	385
	Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)	387
	Defining Interstate Commerce	391
	United States v. E. C. Knight Co. (1895)	393
	Stafford v. Wallace (1922)	397
	The Supreme Court and the New Deal	399
	A. L. A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (1935)	402
	Carter v. Carter Coal Company (1936)	408
	National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation (1937)	416
	Wickard v. Filburn (1942)	423
	Modern Limitations on the Commerce Power	425
	United States v. Lopez (1995)	426
	United States v. Morrison (2000)	431
	Regulating Commerce as a Federal Police Power	436
	Champion v. Ames (1903)	438
	Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964)	442
	The Commerce Power of the States	444
	Cooley v. Board of Wardens (1852)	446
	Southern Pacific Company v. Arizona (1945)	450
	Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission (1977)	454
	Maine v. Taylor (1986)	457
	Readings	460
8.	The Power to Tax and Spend	462
	The Constitutional Power to Tax and Spend	462
	Direct Taxes and the Power to Tax Income	463
	Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. (1895)	466
	Taxation of Exports	472
	United States v. United States Shoe Corporation (1998)	472
	Intergovernmental Tax Immunity	474
	South Carolina v. Baker (1988)	476
	Davis v. Michigan Department of Treasury (1989)	478
	Taxation as a Regulatory Power	481
	McCray v. United States (1904)	482
	Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. (1922)	485
	Taxing and Spending for the General Welfare	488
	United States v. Butler (1936)	489
	Steward Machine Co. v. Davis (1937)	494
	South Dakota v. Dole (1987)	498
	Restrictions on the Revenue Powers of the States	501
	Michelin Tire Corp. v. Wages (1976)	502
	Complete Auto Transit v. Brady (1977)	505
	Quill Corp. v. North Dakota (1992)	507
	Oregon Waste Systems v. Department of Environmental Quality of the State of Oregon (1994)	511
	Readings	514
IV	Economic Liberties
	Economic Liberties and Individual Rights	517
	Readings	519
9.	The Contract Clause	521
	The Framers and the Contract Clause	521
	John Marshall and the Contract Clause	523
	Fletcher v. Peck (1810)	523
	Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)	528
	Decline of the Contract Clause: From the Taney Court to the New Deal	533
	Proprietors of Charles River Bridge v. Proprietors of Warren Bridge (1837)	534
	Stone v. Mississippi (1880)	539
	Home Building and Loan Association v. Blaisdell (1934)	542
	Revitalization of the Contract Clause	546
	United States Trust Co. v. New Jersey (1977)	546
	Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus (1978)	550
	Readings	553
10.	Economic Substantive Due Process	554
	The Development of Substantive Due Process	557
	The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)	557
	Munn v. Illinois (1877)	564
	Allgeyer v. Louisiana (1897)	570
	The Roller Coaster Ride of Substantive Due Process: 1898-1923	572
	Lochner v. New York (1905)	573
	Muller v. Oregon (1908)	579
	The Heyday of Substantive Due Process: 1923-1936	585
	Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923)	585
	The Depression, the New Deal, and the Decline of Substantive Due Process	588
	Nebbia v. New York (1934)	588
	West Coast Hotel v. Parrish (1937)	593
	Williamson v. Lee Optical Company (1955)	597
	Readings	599
11.	The Takings Clause	600
	Protecting Private Property from Government Seizure	600
	What Constitutes a Taking?	603
	United States v. Causby (1946)	603
	Penn Central Transportation Company v. City of New York (1978)	606
	Public Use Requirement	610
	Berman v. Parker (1954)	611
	Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff (1984)	613
	Resurrecting the Takings Clause	616
	Nollan v. California Coastal Commission (1987)	618
	Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council (1992)	621
	Dolan v. City of Tigard (1994)	625
	Readings	630
	Reference Material
	Constitution of the United States	633
	Federalist Paper, No. 78	643
	Bush v. Gore (2000)	647
	U.S. Presidents	655
	Thumbnail Sketch of the Supreme Court's History	657
	The Justices	659
	Natural Courts	665
	Supreme Court Calendar	671
	Briefing Supreme Court Cases	672
	Glossary	674
	Subject Index	679
	Case Index	693
	Illustration Credits	699