Conflict and Consensus in American Politics, Election Update Book

The Politics of American Democracy: An Introduction     xviii
Conflict and Consensus in American Politics: An Introductory Discussion     2
Introduction: President Lawrence Summers Speaks His Mind     3
American Political Beliefs     4
Basic Values and Beliefs     6
Consensus, Conflict, and Apathy     10
The Theory of American Democracy     12
The Role of Politics     12
The Relationship Between the People and Their Government     14
Components of Democratic Government     17
Public Inputs     18
The Mechanism of Government     20
Outputs: Public Policy     23
Politics in Action: Illegal Immigration and American Democracy     26
Summary     28
Key Terms     29
Discussion Questions     29
Topics for Debate     29
Where on the Web?     30
Selected Readings     30
Notes     30
The Constitution: A Framework for Conflict Resolution     32
Introduction: The Controversy over Same-Sex Marriages     33
The Founders' Constitution     36
The Revolutionary Background     36
The Articles of Confederation     39
The Constitutional Convention     39
Basic Compromises     40
Ratification     42
The Constitution: Democratic or Reactionary?     44
Enduring Ideas and Essential Tensions: Consensus and Conflict     46
Popular Sovereignty     46
Limited Government     47
Individual Rights     48
Separation of Powers     49
Federalism     50
Judicial Review     51
The Living Constitution     53
Amending the Constitution     54
Interpreting the Constitution     56
Politics in Action: Government and the Ten Commandments     60
Summary     62
Key Terms     63
Discussion Questions     63
Topics for Debate     63
Where on the Web?     63
Selected Readings     64
Notes     64
Federalism in Theory and in Practice     66
Introduction: Federalism: Consensus in Theory, Controversy in Practice     67
Federalism as a Political Issue     70
The Changing (Nature of American Federalism     71
National Supremacy Versus State Rights, 1787-1865     71
Redefining State and National Roles, 1865-1933     73
Expansion of the Federal Government, 1933-1968     74
From Grants-in-Aid to Mandates and Regulations, 1968-1994     76
Devolution Federalism, 1994-?     77
Federal-State-Local Relations: Power and Politics     82
National Regulation of States and Localities     82
Grants-in-Aid     84
State and Local Influences on National Policymaking     92
Grantsmanship     93
The Intergovernmental Lobby     94
Federalism in Action: Setting National Standards for Alcohol Consumption     96
Politics In Action: National Versus State Rights: Who's in Charge?     99
Summary     101
Key Terms     103
Discussion Questions     103
Topics for Debate     103
Where on the Web?     104
Selected Readings     104
Notes     104
Issues of Freedom, Equity, and Justice     108
Introduction: Flag Burning and Free Speech     109
Freedom of Speech     111
Protected Speech     112
Unprotected Speech     114
Symbolic Expression and Conduct     117
Religion and the Constitution      119
Establishment of Religion     119
Separation of Church and State     119
Accommodating Church and State     120
The Exercise of Religion     121
The Quest for Equality     124
The Extension of Voting Rights     124
Redistricting and Equal Representation     125
Ending Racial Discrimination     126
The Brown Decision     126
The Civil Rights Act of 1964     128
School Integration     128
Nonracial Discrimination     130
Minimal Versus Strict Scrutiny     130
The Exacting Scrutiny Test     130
Affirmative Action     131
Justice for All     134
Due Process of Law     134
Unreasonable Searches and Seizures     136
Government Interrogations     137
Grants of Immunity     138
Plea Bargaining     138
Limits on Police     138
The Miranda Warnings     139
Right to Counsel     139
Other Protections     140
The Supreme Court's 2005-2006 Term: Major Decisions     142
Politics in Action: Should the Death Penalty Be Abolished?     145
Summary      148
Key Terms     149
Key Constitutional Law Cases     150
Discussion Questions     151
Topics for Debate     151
Where on the Web?     151
Selected Readings     152
Notes     152
Political Socialization, Public Opinion, and Participation     156
Introduction: Social Security: The Public Takes a Stand     157
The Development of Political Orientations and Attitudes     161
Genetic Predispositions     161
The Socialization Process     162
Agents of Political Socialization     167
Political Belief Systems     171
Liberalism and Conservatism     171
Beliefs About Democratic Government     174
Public Opinion and Democratic Governance     179
Determining Public Opinion     183
The Hazards of Polling     185
Public Knowledge     186
Public Opinion and Political Participation     188
Politics in Action: Public Opinion and Operation Iraqi Freedom     192
Summary     194
Key Terms     196
Discussion Questions     196
Topics for Debate     196
Where on the Web?      197
Selected Readings     197
Notes     198
Political Interest Groups     202
Introduction: Lobbying for Firearms: The Power of the NRA     203
Individuals, Groups, and Society     206
The Origins and Evolution of Political Interest Groups     207
Theories of Group Formation     207
The Proliferation of Group Activities     208
Sources of Group influence     210
Electoral Activity     213
Lobbying     217
Types of Lobbying     218
Targets of Lobbying     220
Changes in Lobbying and Lobbyists     224
Regulation of Lobbying     226
Consequences of the Group Struggle     228
Politics in Action: The Struggle Between the Forces of Energy and the Environment     230
Summary     232
Key Terms     233
Discussion Questions     233
Topics for Debate     233
Where on the Web?     233
Selected Readings     234
Notes     234
Political Parties     236
Introduction: The Politicalization of the Christian Coalition     237
The Nature of American Political Parties      239
The Major Parties     240
Minor Parties     241
A Brief History of the Two-Party System     244
The Development of National Parties, 1789-1824     245
The Regionalization of Parties, 1828-1852     246
The Civil War and Its Aftermath, 1856-1892     247
The Republican Era, 1896-1928     247
The Roosevelt Realignment, 1932-1968     250
The Composition of the Major Parties Today     250
Party Organization     254
The National Level     254
The State Level     257
The Local Level     258
Parties and Elections     260
Primary Elections     260
Modern Campaigns     261
Parties and Governance     262
Determining the Party's Positions     262
Converting Positions into Public Policy     263
Partisan Influence on the Legislature     264
Partisan Influence on the Executive and the Judiciary     265
Politics in Action: Reforming the Nomination Process: The Democrats Try Again     268
Summary     270
Key Terms     271
Discussion Questions     271
Topics for Debate     272
Where on the Web?     272
Selected Readings     273
Notes     273
Campaigns and Elections     276
Introduction: Campaigns, Collusion, and Conscience: The Cases of Tom Delay and Joe Lieberman     277
Issues of Democratic Elections     280
Suffrage: Who Should Be Able to Vote?     280
How Should Elections Be Structured and Conducted?     281
Should Citizens Be Able to Spend as Much, They Desire in Politics, Campaigns?     283
The American Voter     287
Who Votes and Why?     288
Why Do People Vote in Certain Identifiable Ways?     290
Models of Decision Making     291
The Campaign for Office     292
The Presidential Nomination Process     292
The Presidential Election     297
Nonpresidential Nominations and Elections     298
Direct Democracy: Initiatives and Referenda     306
Assessing the Meaning of Elections     307
Contemporary Presidential Elections     307
The 2006 Midterm Elections     309
Congressional Elections     312
Elections and Governance     313
Politics in Action: Bush v. Gore-The Issues and Who Really Won     315
Summary      317
Key Terms     319
Discussion Questions     319
Topics for Debate     319
Where on the Web?     319
Selected Readings     320
Notes     320
Media and Politics     324
Introduction: News Coverage of the War in Iraq     325
The Role of the News Media     327
Democracy and a Free Press     328
Capitalism and a Fair Press     331
A Brief History of the News Media in America     333
Print Media: Newspapers     333
Electronic Media     334
Politics and the News Media     344
The News Slant     344
Manipulation of the News     348
The Effect of the Media on Electoral Politics     350
Government and the News Media     352
Coverage of the President     353
Coverage of Congress     354
Coverage of the Judiciary     355
The Effect of the News Media on People and Their Government     356
Politics in Action: Private Behavior and the Public Interest     359
Summary     362
Key Terms     363
Discussion Questions     363
Topics for Debate      363
Where on the Web?     364
Selected Readings     364
Notes     364
Congress     368
Introduction: President Bush Proposes a Faith-Based Initiative to a Republican Congress     369
The Institution of Congress     371
The Members of Congress     372
The Work Environment     372
The Organization of Congress     376
Congressional Parties     377
Party Politics in Congress     379
The Committee System     381
The Functions of Congress     384
Legislation     384
Representation     392
Administrative Oversight     395
Congressional Reform and Its Effect on American Democracy     402
Politics in Action: The Case of the Killed Crusader     404
Summary     407
Key Terms     408
Discussion Questions     408
Topics for Debate     409
Where on the Web?     409
Selected Readings     409
Notes     410
The Presidency     412
Introduction: Gaining Power from Congress: The President's "Fast-track" Authority     413
The Powers of the Presidency      415
Constitutional Authority     416
The Evolution of Presidential Authority     416
Political Power     424
Going Public     425
The Institutional Presidency     429
The Executive Office of the President     430
Significant Others     436
The Personal Dimension     441
Physical Health     441
Character     442
Managerial Style     443
Cognition     443
Presidential Policymaking     445
Setting the Agenda     445
Getting It Enacted into Legislation     446
Implementing Policy in the Executive Branch     446
Politics in Action: Presidential Decision Making in Iraq: Which Bush Was Right?     448
Summary     452
Key Terms     453
Discussion Questions     453
Topics for Debate     454
Where on the Web?     454
Selected Readings     455
Notes     455
The Federal Bureaucracy     458
Introduction: Harvey Pitt and the Security and Exchange Commission     459
The Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy     461
Types of Organizational Structures     461
Staffing the Bureaucracy     467
The Executive Bureaucracy in Perspective     469
Functions of the Executive Bureaucracy     471
Implementation     472
Policymaking     475
Determinants of Bureaucratic Influence     478
Problems of Performance and Accountability     483
Legal Controls     484
Legislative Checks     484
Press Scrutiny     486
Popular Participation     486
Reform     487
The Adequacy of Controls     488
Politics in Action: Why Is Smokey the Bear Crying?     489
Summary     492
Key Terms     494
Discussion Questions     494
Topics for Debate     494
Where on the Web?     495
Selected Readings     495
Notes     495
The Judiciary     496
Introduction: The Supreme Court Decides and Divides: Should Cross Burning Be Allowed?     497
Judicial Federalism     499
Federal Courts     499
District Courts     501
Appellate Courts     501
State Courts     501
The Power of Judicial Review     504
Political Questions     506
Judicial Review and Political Influence     507
Judicial Activism Versus Self-Restraint     508
How Judges Are Chosen     510
Appointment of Supreme Court Justices     512
Packing the Court     512
The Supreme Court     515
The Court's Caseload     515
Deciding What to Decide     516
Hearing and Discussing Cases     517
Writing Opinions     517
The Politics of Judicial Policymaking     520
Politics in Action: The Case of the Unconfirmed Judge     524
Summary     527
Key Terms     528
Discussion Questions     528
Topics for Debate     529
Where on the Web?     529
Selected Readings     529
Notes     530
Domestic Policy     532
Introduction: Making Public Policy: The Case of Prescription Drugs     533
Types of Policy     535
Impact-Based Classification     536
Stages of Policy Development     537
Problem Recognition     537
Policy Formulation and Adoption: Iron Triangles and Issue Networks      538
Policy Implementation     540
Policy Evaluation     541
Policy Reconsideration or Termination     542
Politics and the Policy Process     542
Incrementalism     542
Major Policy Shifts     543
Mixed Results     544
Education Policy     547
Education in America: An Overview     547
Education Policy in the 1980s and 1990s     548
Education Policy in the Twenty-First Century     550
Health and Social Welfare Policy     551
Social Welfare Programs: An Overview     553
Social Insurance     554
Unemployment Insurance     556
Public Assistance     557
The Politics of Social Welfare     558
Housing Policy     561
Housing Policy in the 1980s and 1990s     562
Housing in the Twenty-First Century     563
Environmental and Energy Policy     564
Clean Water     566
Clean Air     567
Energy Policy     568
Politics in Action: Where Do We Put Nuclear Waste?     573
Summary     574
Key Terms     575
Discussion Questions      575
Topics for Debate     576
Where on the Web?     576
Selected Readings     576
Notes     577
International and National Security Policy     578
Introduction: Nuclear Proliferation and U.S. Foreign Policy     579
Foreign and Defense Policymaking     581
The Conflict-Consensus Quandary in National Security Policy     581
Foreign and National Security Policymakers     582
Personal Diplomacy and Summit Meetings     589
Treaties and Executive Agreements     591
Participation in International Organizations     592
Intelligence, Spying, and Covert Operations     593
Armed Forces and National Security     594
The Evolution of National Security Policy     598
The Cold War     599
Nuclear Deterrence     600
Foreign Economic and Military Aid     601
Alliances     602
Military Force     602
Postcommunism and the Era of Uncertainty     603
The Fading of Communism     604
The Fracturing of Nation-States     604
Economic Interdependence     605
Terrorism and the New Demands of National Security Policy     608
Politics in Action: To Intervene or Not: The Cases of Bosnia and Rwanda     610
Summary     611
Key Terms     613
Discussion Questions     613
Topics for Debate     613
Where on the Web?     613
Selected Readings     614
Notes     614
The Declaration of Independence     616
The Constitution of the United States of America     618
From The Federalist Nos. 10 and 51     629
Presidential Elections     634
Party Control of Congress, 1901-2006     642
United States Supreme Court Justices, 1789-2006     644
Glossary     647
Index     661