Concise Prelude to Programming: Concepts and Design Book

Introduction     1
Computers Everywhere     1
A Brief History of Computers     2
What Is a Computer?     2
Early Computers     2
Personal Computers     5
Today's Computers     6
The Internet     7
Computer Basics     9
The Central Processing Unit     10
Internal Memory     11
Mass Storage Devices     12
Input Devices     14
Output Devices     14
Software and Programming Languages     16
Types of Software     16
Types of Programming Languages     18
Chapter Review and Exercises     21
An Introduction to Programming     27
In the Everyday World: You Are Already a Programmer!     28
What Is Programming?     28
A General Problem-Solving Strategy     29
Creating Computer Programs: The Program Development Cycle     31
Basic Programming Concepts     32
A Simple Program     32
The Price Conversion Program     33
Data Input     35
The Input and Write Statements     36
Use Input Prompts     37
OtherForms of Input     37
Program Variables and Constants     37
Variables Names     39
Variable Names Should Be Meaningful!     39
What's Really Going On with Variables in the Computer?     40
Data Processing and Output     41
Processing Data     41
The Set Statement     42
Assigning and Reassigning Values to Variables     42
Operations on Data     43
Hierarchy of Operations     44
Data Output     46
The Write Statement Revisited     47
Annotate Your Output     48
Types of Data     50
Numeric Data     51
Integers     51
Dividing Integers     52
Real Numbers     52
The Declare Statement     53
The Last Word on Price Conversion     54
Scientific and Exponential Notation     55
Character String Data     57
The Character Data Type     58
Operating on Strings     58
Chapter Review and Exercises     61
Developing a Program     69
In the Everyday World: Planning to Program? You Need a Plan     70
The Program Development Cycle      71
The Process of Developing a Program     71
Analyze the Problem     71
Design the Program     72
Code the Program     73
Test the Program     74
Additional Steps in the Cycle     76
Program Design     80
Modular Programming     80
Using Modules and Submodules     81
Benefits of Modular Programming     81
Provide a Welcome Message at the Beginning of Your Program     86
Coding, Documenting, and Testing a Program     90
Coding and Documenting a Program     90
How Can a Computer Know What to Ignore?     91
External Documentation     93
Types of Errors     94
Commercial Programs: Testing and Documenting     95
The Testing Phase Revisited     96
External Documentation     97
The User's Guide     97
The Program Maintenance Manual     98
Design Documentation     98
Trade Study Documentation     99
Structured Programming     100
Flowcharts     100
Control Structures     101
The Sequential Structure     101
Loop or Repetition Structures      103
Decision or Selection Structures     103
An Introduction to OOP and GUIs     106
GUIs and Event-Driven Programming     106
Object-Oriented Programming     110
Object-Oriented Programming Design     112
Everyone Needs Structured Programming     114
Chapter Review and Exercises     115
Selection Structures: Making Decisions     123
In the Everyday World: Decisions, decisions, decisions...     124
An Introduction to Selection Structures     125
Types of Selection Structures     125
Single-and Dual-Alternative Structures     127
Single-Alternative Structure: The If-Then Structure     127
Dual-Alternative Structure: The If-Then-Else Structure     129
Relational and Logical Operators     133
Relational Operators     133
A Little More Explanation about Relational Operators     134
Logical Operators     137
Truth Tables for the Or, And, and Not Operators     138
Compounding the Compound Condition Issue     140
Hierarchy of Operations     143
Selecting from Several Alternatives     146
Using If Structures     147
The Action of a Case Statement     150
Applications of Selection Structures     154
Defensive Programming     154
Menu-Driven Programs     158
Focus on Problem Solving: A New Car Price Calculator     161
Problem Statement     161
Problem Analysis     162
Program Design     162
Program Code     166
Program Test     166
Chapter Review and Exercises     167
Repetition Structures: Looping     177
In the Everyday World: Loops     178
An Introduction to Repetition Structures: Computers Never Get Bored!     179
A Simple Example of a Loop     179
Beware of the Infinite Loop!     181
Relational and Logical Operators     183
Pre-Test and Post-Test Loops     184
Counter-Controlled Loops     189
Constructing a Counter-Controlled Loop     190
Summing: How a Computer Adds     190
Counting Up, Down, and Every Way     193
Built-in Counter-Controlled Loops     193
The Careful Bean Counter     197
Applications of Repetition Structures     202
Using Sentinel-Controlled Loops to Input Data     202
Data Validation      204
Nested Loops     215
Nested For Loops     215
Nesting Other Kinds of Loops     218
Nesting Loops and Selection Structures     220
Focus on Problem Solving: A Cost, Revenue, and Profit Problem     223
Problem Statement     223
Problem Analysis     224
Program Design     226
Program Code     229
Program Test     230
Chapter Review and Exercises     252
Arrays: Lists and Tables     239
In the Everyday World: Arrays     240
One-Dimensional Arrays     241
Array Basics     241
Declaring Arrays     242
Parallel Arrays     248
Some Advantages of Using Arrays     252
Searching and Sorting Arrays     256
The Serial Search Technique     256
The Bubble Sort Technique     261
Other Sorts of Sorting     271
Other Uses of Arrays     272
Strings As Arrays of Characters     272
Declaring an Array As a Data Type     272
String Length versus Array Size     274
Two-Dimensional Arrays     277
An Introduction to Two-Dimensional Arrays      277
Declaring Two-Dimensional Arrays     278
Using Two-Dimensional Arrays     279
Focus on Problem Solving: An Invoice Preparation Program     284
Problem Statement     284
Problem Analysis     285
Program Design     285
Program Code     290
Program Test     291
Chapter Review and Exercises     292
Sequential Data Files     301
In the Everyday World: Data Files     302
An Introduction to Data Files     303
File Basics     303
Creating and Reading Sequential Files     306
Modifying a Sequential File     312
Deleting Records     314
Modifying Records     316
Inserting Records     317
Using Arrays in File Maintenance     320
Merging Sequential Files     322
Focus on Problem Solving: Control Break Processing     326
Problem Statement     326
Problem Analysis     327
Program Design     328
Program Code     331
Program Test     332
Chapter Review and Exercises     355
Study Skills     341
Glossary      351
Index     365