Communicating with One Another: Toward a Psychology of Spontaneous Spoken Discourse Book

Part 1 A Critique of Mainstream Psycholinguistics
1 The Problematic 3 Chapter Prospectus 3 What's It All About? 3 Historical Beginnings of Mainstream Psycholinguistics 4 The More Remote Background of Modern Psycholinguistics 5 The Cognitive Revolution 5 Some Current Criticisms of Mainstream Psycholinguistics 6 The Centrality of Grammar in Mainstream Psycholinguistics 7 Ideal Delivery: A Corollary of Syntactic Well-formedness 8 The Users of Language 10 The Autonomy of Language 12
2 Empirical Methods 13 Chapter Prospectus 13 Homo Loquens et Audiens 13 Transmittal of Data by Transcribers 15 The Experimental Method 16 Fellow Travelers of Psycholinguistics 16 An Example of Experimental Psycholinguistics 17 The Demand for Continuity in Speaking 18 Methodology in Psycholinguistic Textbooks: The Relationship of Data and Theory 19 Monologism 20 A Monologistic Approach to Dialogue 21 Turn-Taking 22 Methodological Individualism 22 The Need for Normalization of Data 23 Access to Corpora of Spontaneous Spoken Discourse 23 Use of Transcripts Prepared by Others 24 Back to Issues of Control 25 Concluding Remarks 26
3 Fluency and Hesitation 27 Chapter Prospectus 27 Chicken or Egg? 27 Ideal Delivery vs. Discontinuity 30 The Use of Time for the Sake of the Speaker 31 The Use of Time for the Sake of the Listener 32 Fluency 33
4 The Written 35 Chapter Prospectus 35 Verba Volant, Scripta Manent 35 Generation and the Written 36 The Written as the Cadaver of Speech 38 Transcription 39 Transcription as Theory 43 Part 2 Foundations for Research on Spontaneous Spoken Discourse
5 Rhetoric 47 Chapter Prospectus 47 What Rhetoric Is All About 47 Some Typographical Helps to Rhetoric 50 SomeProsodic Principles 50 Some Other Relevant Measures of Rhetorical Performance 51 Literacy and Orality 53 Orality as a Rationale for Our Research 55 A Rhetorical Perspective for Everyday Talk 56
6 Intentionality 57 Chapter Prospectus 57 Starting, Stopping, and Continuing 57 A Historical Note on Intentionality 60
7 From Monologism to Dialogicality 63 Chapter Prospectus 63 Where Are We? 63 Mainstream Psycholinguistics and Monologism 66 Is All Human Speech in Principle Dialogical? 68
8 Listening 69 Chapter Prospectus 69 Listening vs. Hearing 69 The Listener's Disappearing Act 71 Agonistic Listeners? 73 The Transcendence of Listening 73 The Ideal Listener 74 Types of Listeners 74 Active Silence 75 Part 3 Empirical Research on Spontaneous Spoken Discourse
9 Punctuation 79 Chapter Prospectus 79 Benign Neglect 79 Syntax, Rhetoric, or Both? 80 What Can Punctuation Tell Us About Reading Aloud? 81 The Written Without Punctuation 84 Other Concepts of Punctuation 85 The Problem of Reading Quotation Marks Aloud 85
10 Transcription 89 Chapter Prospectus 89 The Transcriber as Language User 89 Some Transcriber Difficulties and Biases 90 Slips of the Ear 92 Some Limitations of Transcripts 93 Reproduction of Transcripts for Research Purposes 94 The Diagnosis 96
11 Pauses 99 Chapter Prospectus 99 On Again, Off Again 100 The History of Pause Research: Pausology 101 Off-time as a Research Problem 103 A Benevolent Take-over by Conversation-analytic Researchers 104 The Proper Temporal Dimensionality of Pauses: Measurement 105 Our Own Research on Pauses 106 Silence 109
12 Prosody 113 Chapter Prospectus 113 The Concept 113 Prosody and Meaning 115 The Transcription of Prosody 116 Research 117 Our Research on Articulation Rate 119 Futuristics 119
13 Fillers 121 Chapter Prospectus 121 The Remarkably Versatile Schwa 121 The Lexicographer's Written World of Fillers 122 Fillers in Written Materials 125 Some Filler History: The Carrier of Disfluency 126 What Are Fillers Really Good For? 127 Our Own Research on Fillers 129 The Failure to Legitimize Fillers as Words 130
14 Interjections 133 Chapter Prospectus 133 Some History 133 Interjections in Modern Language Sciences 135 Recent Empirical Research 136
15 Referring 143 Chapter Prospectus 143 Referring 143 Deixis 144 Laughter as a Nonverbal Self-reference 146 Some Recent Research on Referring 146
16 Turn-taking 149 Chapter Prospectus 149 Categories of Turn-taking 149 Is There a Normal or an Ideal Form of Sequencing? 151 Some History 153 Schegloff (2007) 156 Turn-taking, Gender, and Power 158 Recent Research 159 Our Research 160 A Perspective on Turn-taking 160
17 Laughter 163 Chapter Prospectus 163 Science Times 163 Some History 164 Definitions 165 Methodology 166 Psychological Approaches 167 Further Questions about Psychological Research 168 Conversation-analytic Research 170 Chafe (2007) 171
18 Applause and Other Audience Reactions 175 Chapter Prospectus 175 Applause and Laughter: A Comparison 176 Some History of Applause 177 Empirical Research on Applause to Political Oratory 178 Empirical Research on Laughter as an Audience Reaction 182 Empirical Research on Booing as an Audience Reaction 182 Audience-to-audience Responses 183 The Listener's Golden Opportunities 185 Some Comparisons between Individual Listeners and Audiences 186 Part 4 Toward a Theory of Spontaneous Spoken Discourse
19 Intersubjectivity 189 Chapter Prospectus 189 The Principle of Intersubjectivity as a Problem in Literary Stylistics 189 A Psychological Concept of Intersubjectivity 190
20 Perspectivity 193 Chapter Prospectus 193 The Basic Concept of Perspectivity 193 Mine and Thine 195 Dialogicality 196 Perspectivity and Intersubjectivity 198
21 Open-endedness 201 Chapter Prospectus 201 The Concept of Open-endedness 201 Spontaneity 202 A Methodological Problem 203 The Psychology of Open-endedness 205
22 Verbal Integrity 207 Chapter Prospectus 207 The Concept of Verbal Integrity 208 The Authors' Preoccupation with Verbal Integrity 209 Verbal Integrity as an Essential Component of Spontaneous Spoken Discourse 209 Some Examples 211 Ethics 212
23 Spontaneous Spoken Discourse 213 Chapter Prospectus 213 Syntax 213 Beyond Sentential Syntax 215 Back to Psychology 217 A Theory 218 Throwaways 219 Splendid Isolation? 223
24 Communicating in Print about Communicating Orally 225 References 231 Name Index 253 Subject Index 259