CCNA ICND2 640-816 Official Cert Guide Book

Introduction xxv

Part I: LAN Switching 3

Chapter 1 Virtual LANs 5

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 5

Foundation Topics 9

Virtual LAN Concepts 10

Trunking with ISL and 802.1Q 11

IP Subnets and VLANs 15

VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) 16

VLAN and VLAN Trunking Configuration and Verification 23

Creating VLANs and Assigning Access VLANs to an Interface 24

VLAN Trunking Configuration 29

Securing VLANs and Trunking 37

VTP Configuration and Verification 38

Using VTP: Configuring Servers and Clients 38

Caveats When Moving Away from Default VTP Configuration 42

Avoiding VTP: Configuring Transparent Mode 43

Troubleshooting VTP 44

Exam Preparation Tasks 53

Review All the Key Topics 53

Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 54

Definitions of Key Terms 54

Command Reference to Check Your Memory 54

Chapter 2 Spanning Tree Protocol 57

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 57

Foundation Topics 61

Spanning Tree Protocol (IEEE 802.1d) 61

The Need for Spanning Tree 61

What IEEE 802.1d Spanning Tree Does 63

How Spanning Tree Works 65

Optional STP Features 75

Rapid STP (IEEE 802.1w) 78

RSTP Link and Edge Types 79

RSTP Port States 80

RSTP Port Roles 81

RSTP Convergence 82

Edge-Type Behavior and PortFast 83

STP Configuration and Verification 86

Multiple Instances of STP 87

Configuration Options That Influence the Spanning Tree Topology 88

Verifying Default STP Operation 90

Configuring STP Port Costs and Switch Priority 92

Configuring PortFast and BPDU Guard 95

Configuring EtherChannel 95

Configuring RSTP 97

STP Troubleshooting 98

Determining the Root Switch 99

Determining the Root Port on Nonroot Switches 100

Determining the Designated Port on Each LAN Segment 102

STP Convergence 104

Exam Preparation Tasks 105

Review All the Key Topics 105

Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 106

Definitions of Key Terms 106

Command Reference to Check Your Memory 106

Chapter 3 Troubleshooting LAN Switching 109

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 109

Foundation Topics 110

Generalized Troubleshooting Methodologies 110

Analyzing and Predicting Normal Network Operation 111

Problem Isolation 114

Root Cause Analysis 115

Real World Versus the Exams 116

Troubleshooting the LAN Switching Data Plane 117

An Overview of the Normal LAN Switch Forwarding Process 117

Step 1: Confirm the Network Diagrams Using CDP 119

Step 2: Isolate Interface Problems 121

Step 3: Isolate Filtering and Port Security Problems 127

Step 4: Isolate VLAN and Trunking Problems 132

Example: Troubleshooting the Data Plane 136

Predicting Normal Operation of the LAN Switching Data Plane 147

PC1 Broadcast in VLAN 1 147

Forwarding Path: Unicast from R1 to PC1 151

Exam Preparation Tasks 155

Review All the Key Topics 155

Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 155

Part II: IP Routing 157

Chapter 4 IP Routing: Static and Connected Routes 159

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 159

Foundation Topics 162

IP Routing and Addressing 162

IP Routing 162

IP Addressing and Subnetting 166

DNS, DHCP, ARP, and ICMP 171

Fragmentation and MTU 173

Routes to Directly Connected Subnets 175

Secondary IP Addressing 175

Supporting Connected Routes to Subnet Zero 177

ISL and 802.1Q Configuration on Routers 178

Static Routes 180

Configuring Static Routes 182

The Extended ping Command 183

Static Default Routes 186

Default Route Summary 190

Classful and Classless Routing 190

Exam Preparation Tasks 194

Review All the Key Topics 194

Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 194

Definitions of Key Terms 195

Command Reference to Check Your Memory 195

Chapter 5 Variable Length Subnet Masks 199

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 199

Foundation Topics 202

VLSM Concepts and Configuration 202

Classless and Classful Routing Protocols 203

VLSM Configuration and Verification 204

Finding VLSM Overlaps 205

An Example of Finding a VLSM Overlap 206

Practice Finding VLSM Overlaps 208

Adding a New Subnet to an Existing VLSM Design 208

An Example of Adding a New VLSM Subnet 209

Practice Adding New VLSM Subnets 211

Designing a Subnetting Plan Using VLSM 211

Choosing VLSM Masks 212

Assigning the Largest Subnet IDs First 213

An Example of VLSM Subnet Design 215

Summary of the Formal VLSM Subnet Design Process 217

Practice Designing VLSM Subnets 218

Exam Preparation Tasks 219

Review All the Key Topics 219

Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 219

Definitions of Key Terms 219

Read Appendix G Scenarios 220

Appendix D Practice Problems 220

Answers to Earlier Practice Problems 220

Answers to Practice Finding VLSM Overlaps 220

Answers to Practice Adding VLSM Subnets 221

Answers to Practice Designing VLSM Subnets 224

Chapter 6 Route Summarization 227

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 228

Foundation Topics 230

Manual Route Summarization 230

Understanding Route Summarization Concepts 230

Verifying Manually Summarized Routes 232

Configuring Manually Summarized Routes 233

Choosing the Best Summary Routes 235

Practice Choosing the Best Summary Routes 238

Autosummarization and Discontiguous Classful Networks 239

An Example of Autosummarization 240

Discontiguous Classful Networks 241

Autosummarization Support and Configuration 243

Review All the Key Topics 245

Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 245

Definitions of Key Terms 245

Read Appendix G Scenarios 245

Command Reference to Check Your Memory 246

Answers to Practice Problems 246

Problem 1 246

Problem 2 247

Problem 3 247

Problem 4 248

Chapter 7 Basic IP Access Control Lists 251

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 251

Foundation Topics 254

IP Access Control List Basics 254

ACL Locations 254

Matching Packets 255

Taking Action When a Match Occurs 256

Types of IP ACLs 256

Standard Numbered IPv4 ACLs 257

List Logic with IP ACLs 258

Matching Logic and Command Syntax 260

Implementing Standard IP ACLs 264

Practice Applying Standard IP ACLs 268

Practice Building access-list Commands 268

Reverse Engineering from ACL to Address Range 269

Exam Preparation Tasks 271

Review All the Key Topics 271

Read the Appendix G Scenarios 271

Definitions of Key Terms 271

Appendix F Practice Problems 272

Command Reference to Check Your Memory 272

Answers to Earlier Practice Problems 273

Chapter 8 Advanced IP Access Control Lists 275

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 276

Foundation Topics 278

Extended Numbered IP Access Control Lists 278

Matching the Protocol, Source IP, and Destination IP 278

Matching TCP and UDP Port Numbers 280

Extended IP ACL Configuration 283

Practice Building access-list Commands 288

Named ACLs and ACL Editing 288

Named IP Access Lists 288

Editing ACLs Using Sequence Numbers 291

Miscellaneous ACL Topics 294

Controlling Telnet and SSH Access with ACLs 295

ACL Implementation Considerations 295

Reflexive Access Lists 297

Dynamic ACLs 299

Time-Based ACLs 300

Exam Preparation Tasks 301

Review All the Key Topics 301

Read the Appendix G Scenarios 301

Definitions of Key Terms 302

Command Reference to Check Your Memory 302

Answers to Earlier Practice Problems 303

Chapter 9 Troubleshooting IP Routing 305

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 305

Foundation Topics 306

The ping and traceroute Commands 306

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 306

The traceroute Command 312

Troubleshooting the Packet Forwarding Process 314

Isolating IP Routing Problems Related to Hosts 314

Isolating IP Routing Problems Related to Routers 316

Troubleshooting Tools and Tips 324

Host Routing Tools and Perspectives 324

show ip route Reference 326

Interface Status 328

VLSM Issues 328

Discontiguous Networks and Autosummary 333

Access List Troubleshooting Tips 334

Exam Preparation Tasks 337

Review All the Key Topics 337

Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 337

Definitions of Key Terms 337

Part III: Routing Protocols 339

Chapter 10 Routing Protocol Theory 341

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 341

Foundation Topics 345

Dynamic Routing Protocol Overview 345

Routing Protocol Functions 346

Interior and Exterior Routing Protocols 347

Comparing IGPs 349

Administrative Distance 352

Distance Vector Routing Protocol Features 354

The Concept of a Distance and a Vector 354

Distance Vector Operation in a Stable Network 355

Distance Vector Loop Prevention 356

Distance Vector Summary 368

Link-State Routing Protocol Features 369

Building the Same LSDB on Every Router 369

Applying Dijkstra SPF Math to Find the Best Routes 371

Convergence with Link-State Protocols 373

Summary and Comparisons to Distance Vector Protocols 373

Exam Preparation Tasks 375

Review All the Key Topics 375

Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 376

Definitions of Key Terms 376

Command Reference to Check Your Memory 376

Chapter 11 OSPF 379

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 379

Foundation Topics 383

OSPF Protocols and Operation 383

OSPF Neighbors 383

OSPF Topology Database Exchange 388

Building the IP Routing Table 392

Scaling OSPF Through Hierarchical Design 393

OSPF Configuration 397

OSPF Single-Area Configuration 398

OSPF Configuration with Multiple Areas 400

Configuring the OSPF Router ID 402

OSPF Hello and Dead Timers 403

OSPF Metrics (Cost) 405

OSPF Authentication 406

OSPF Load Balancing 408

Exam Preparation Tasks 409

Review All the Key Topics 409

Definitions of Key Terms 410

Command Reference to Check Your Memory 410

Chapter 12 EIGRP 413

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 413

Foundation Topics 416

EIGRP Concepts and Operation 416

EIGRP Neighbors 416

Exchanging EIGRP Topology Information 417

Calculating the Best Routes for the Routing Table 418

EIGRP Convergence 421

EIGRP Summary and Comparisons with OSPF 424

EIGRP Configuration and Verification 425

Basic EIGRP Configuration 426

EIGRP Metrics, Successors, and Feasible Successors 428

EIGRP Authentication 433

EIGRP Maximum Paths and Variance 435

Tuning the EIGRP Metric Calculation 437

Exam Preparation Tasks 439

Review All the Key Topics 439

Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 439

Definitions of Key Terms 440

Command Reference to Check Your Memory 440

Chapter 13 Troubleshooting Routing Protocols 443

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 443

Foundation Topics 444

Perspectives on Troubleshooting Routing Protocol Problems 444

Interfaces Enabled with a Routing Protocol 446

Neighbor Relationships 454

EIGRP Neighbor Requirements 455

OSPF Neighbor Requirements 457

Exam Preparation Tasks 464

Review All the Key Topics 464

Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 464

Command Reference to Check Your Memory 464

Part IV: Wide-Area Networks 467

Chapter 14 Point-to-Point WANs 469

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 469

Foundation Topics 472

PPP Concepts 472

The PPP Protocol Field 472

PPP Link Control Protocol (LCP) 473

PPP Configuration 478

Basic PPP Configuration 478

CHAP Configuration and Verification 479

PAP Configuration 480

Troubleshooting Serial Links 480

Troubleshooting Layer 1 Problems 482

Troubleshooting Layer 2 Problems 483

Troubleshooting Layer 3 Problems 486

Exam Preparation Tasks 489

Review All the Key Topics 489

Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 489

Definitions of Key Terms 489

Command Reference to Check Your Memory 490

Chapter 15 Frame Relay Concepts 493

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 493

Foundation Topics 497

Frame Relay Overview 497

Frame Relay Standards 500

Virtual Circuits 500

LMI and Encapsulation Types 503

Frame Relay Addressing 505

Frame Relay Local Addressing 506

Frame Forwarding with One DLCI Field 507

Frame Relay Global Addressing (DLCIs) 509

Network Layer Concerns with Frame Relay 511

Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: One Subnet Containing All Frame Relay DTEs 511

Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: One Subnet Per VC 512

Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: Hybrid Approach 514

Layer 3 Broadcast Handling 515

Controlling Speed and Discards in the Frame Relay Cloud 516

FECN and BECN 517

The Discard Eligibility (DE) Bit 518

Exam Preparation Tasks 519

Review All the Key Topics 519

Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 519

Definitions of Key Terms 520

Chapter 16 Frame Relay Configuration 523

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 523

Foundation Topics 527

Frame Relay Configuration and Verification 527

Planning a Frame Relay Configuration 527

A Fully Meshed Network with One IP Subnet 529

Configuring the Encapsulation and LMI 531

Frame Relay Address Mapping 532

A Partially Meshed Network with One IP Subnet Per VC 537

A Partially Meshed Network with Some Fully Meshed Parts 543

Frame Relay Troubleshooting 547

A Suggested Frame Relay Troubleshooting Process 547

Layer 1 Issues on the Access Link (Step 1) 549

Layer 2 Issues on the Access Link (Step 2) 549

PVC Problems and Status (Step 3) 551

Frame Relay Mapping Issues (Step 4) 558

End-to-End Encapsulation (Step 5) 559

Mismatched Subnet Numbers (Step 6) 559

Exam Preparation Tasks 560

Review All the Key Topics 560

Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 560

Read the Appendix G Scenarios 560

Command Reference to Check Your Memory 561

Chapter 17 Virtual Private Networks 565

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 565

Foundation Topics 568

VPN Fundamentals 568

IPsec VPNs 571

IPsec Encryption 572

IPsec Key Exchange 573

IPsec Authentication and Message Integrity 574

The ESP and AH Security Protocols 576

IPsec Implementation Considerations 577

SSL VPNs 578

Exam Preparation Tasks 580

Review All the Key Topics 580

Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 580

Definitions of Key Terms 580

Part V: Scaling the IP Address Space 583

Chapter 18 Network Address Translation 585

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 585

Foundation Topics 589

Perspectives on IPv4 Address Scalability 589

CIDR 590

Private Addressing 592

Network Address Translation Concepts 593

Static NAT 593

Dynamic NAT 596

NAT Configuration and Troubleshooting 602

Static NAT Configuration 602

Dynamic NAT Configuration 604

NAT Overload (PAT) Configuration 608

NAT Troubleshooting 611

Exam Preparation Tasks 613

Review All the Key Topics 613

Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 613

Definitions of Key Terms 614

Command Reference to Check Your Memory 614

Chapter 19 IP Version 6 617

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 617

Foundation Topics 620

Global Unicast Addressing, Routing, and Subnetting 621

Global Route Aggregation for Efficient Routing 622

Conventions for Representing IPv6 Addresses 624

Conventions for Writing IPv6 Prefixes 625

Global Unicast Prefix Assignment Example 628

Subnetting Global Unicast IPv6 Addresses Inside an Enterprise 630

Prefix Terminology 632

IPv6 Protocols and Addressing 633

DHCP for IPv6 633

IPv6 Host Address Assignment 634

Discovering the Default Router with NDP 639

Learning the IP Address(es) of DNS Servers 639

IPv6 Addresses 640

Summary of IP Protocols and Addressing 643

Configuring IPv6 Routing and Routing Protocols 644

IPv6 Routing Protocols 644

IPv6 Configuration 645

IPv6 Transition Options 649

IPv4/IPv6 Dual Stacks 649

Tunneling 649

Translating Between IPv4 and IPv6 with NAT-PT 651

Transition Summary 652

Exam Preparation Tasks 653

Review All the Key Topics 653

Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 654

Definitions of Key Terms 654

Command Reference to Check Your Memory 654

Part VI: Final Preparation 657

Chapter 20 Final Preparation 659

Tools for Final Preparation 659

Pearson Cert Practice Test Engine and Questions on the DVD 659

The Cisco Learning Network 662

Subnetting Preparation Tools 662

Scenarios 663

Study Plan 663

Recall the Facts 664

Practice Subnetting 664

Build Troubleshooting Skills Using Scenarios 665

Studying for ICND2 640-816 or CCNA 640-802 666

Summary 667

Part VII: Part VII: Appendices 669

Appendix A Answers to the “Do I Know This Already?” Quizzes 671

Appendix B Numeric Reference Tables 684

Appendix C ICND2 Exam Updates: Version 1.0 692

Glossary 696

Part VIII: DVD-Only

Appendix D Practice for Chapter 5: Variable Length Subnet Masks

Appendix E Practice for Chapter 6: Route Summarization

Appendix F Practice for Chapter 7: Basic IP Access Control Lists

Appendix G Additional Scenarios

Appendix H Video Scenario Reference

Appendix I ICND1 Chapter 23: WAN Configuration

Appendix J Memory Tables

Appendix K Memory Tables Answer Key

Appendix L ICND2 Open-Ended Questions

TOC, 9781587204357, 8/26, 2011