Biomedical Ethics a Canadian Focus Book

Preface
Chapter 1: Morality and Ethics
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Morality and Ethics
1.3. Moral Theories
Chapter 2: Patient Self-Determination
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Who Decides for the Patient? Autonomy, Competence, and Paternalism Standards of Competence, Allen E. Buchanan and Dan W. Brock
Involving Children in Medical Decisions, Christine Harrison, Nuala P. Kenny, Mona Sidarous, and Mary Rowel
Advance Directives for Resuscitation and Other Life-Saving or -Sustaining Measures, Canadian Medical Association
A Relational Approach to Autonomy in Health Care, Susan Sherwin
2.3. Differing Opinions of Patient Best Interest Quality Care and the Wounds of Diversity, Kenneth Kipnis
Ethical Relativism in a Multicultural Society, Ruth Macklin
2.4. Individual Interests vs. Family Interests What About the Family?, John Hardwig
Patient Choices, Family Interests, and Physician Obligations, Thomas A. Mappes and Jane S. Zembaty
2.d. Cases Case 1: Scott Starson: Refusing Treatment While Incompetent Case 2: No Chemotherapy for Anael: Surrogate Refusal of Treatment for a Minor Child Case 3: Do Everything for Mom Case 4: A Teen's Secret Decision to Abort
Case 5: Current Wishes Conflict with Prior Instructions
2.6. Suggested Further Reading
Chapter 3: Management of Medical Information
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Privacy and Confidentiality Privacy: Human Rights, Public Policy, and Law, Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network
Confidentiality in Medicine—A Decrepit Concept, Mark Siegler
Genetic Privacy, Lawrence O. Gostin
3.3. Truth Telling On Telling the Truth to Patients, Mack Lipkin
Telling the Truth to Patients: A Clinical Ethics Exploration, David C. Thomasma
3.4. Informed Consent The Concept of Informed Consent, Ruth R. Faden and Tom L. Beauchamp
Consent, Coercion, and Conflicts of Rights, Ruth Macklin
Transparency: Informed Consent in Primary Care, Howard Brody
Culture, Power, and Informed Consent: The Impact of Aboriginal Health Interpreters on Decision Making, Joseph Kaufert and John O'Neil
3.5. Cases
Case 1: Please Don't Tell!: A Case about HIV and Confidentiality Leonard Fleck and Marcia Angell
Case 2: John Reibl: Information Disclosure, Comprehension, and Informed Consent
Case 3: Patients Right to Information
Case 4: Breach of Confidentiality
Case 5: Refusal to Consent to DNR for Minor Child
3.6. Suggested Further Reading
Chapter 4: End-Of Life Decision Making
4.1. Introducion
4.2. Refusal or Withdrawal of Treatment, Medical Futility, and Terminal Sedation Withholding and Withdrawal of Potentially Life-Sustaining Treatment, Health Law Institute
Patient Refusal of Hydration and Nutrition: An Alternative to Physician-Assisted Suicide or Voluntary Active Euthanasia, James L. Bernat, Bernard Gert, and R. Peter Mogielnicki
Medical Futility: A Conceptual and Ethical Analysis, Mark R. Wicclair
Medical Ethics and Double Effect: The Case of Terminal Sedation, Joseph Boyle
4.3. Voluntary Active Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide Bioethics for Clinicians: Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide, James V. Lavery, Bernard M. Dickens, Joseph M. Boyle, and Peter A. Singer
Active and Passive Euthanasia, James Rachels
Voluntary Active Euthanasia, Dan W. Brock
When Self-Determination Runs Amok, Daniel Callahan
Gender, Feminism, and Death: Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia, Susan Wolf
4.4. Rights to Die and Duties to Die Is There a Right to Die?, Leon R. Kass
Is There a Duty to Die?, John Hardwig
4.5. Cases Case 1: Sue Rodriguez: Physician-Assisted Suicide Case 2: Dr Nancy Morrison: (Non)Voluntary Active Euthanasia of an Adult
Case 3: Tracy Latimer: Nonvoluntary Active Euthanasia of a Minor
Case 4: Mr. McCullough: Recommending Voluntary Passive Euthanasia
Case 5: Elizabeth and Eric MacDonald: Assisted Suicide
4.6. Suggested Further Reading
Chapter 5: Moral Status of the Human Fetus and Infant
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Positions on Fetal Moral Status: Conservative, Liberal, and Moderate Reproductive Technologies: Royal Commission Final Report, Nancy Miller Chenier
Why Abortion Is Immoral, Don Marquis
On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion, Mary Anne Warren
A Defense of Abortion, Judith Jarvis Thomson
Abortion Through a Feminist Ethics Lens, Susan Sherwin
5.3. Declining Treatment during Pregnancy and Immediately after Birth A Pregnant Woman's Decision to Decline Treatment: How Should the Law Respond?, John Seymour
Decisions Regarding Disabled Newborns, Mary B. Mahowald
5.4. Cases Case 1: Prenatal Diagnosis and Abortion or Infanticide through Declining Treatment Case 2: Failed Abortion and Offer of Third-Trimester Abortion Case 3: Abortion of Suspected Female Fetus Case 4: Ms G. and Refusal of Treatment While Pregnant Case 5: Endangering Behaviour in a Pregnant Woman
5.5. Suggested Further Reading
Chapter 6: Genetic Technology Use
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Eugenics Eugenics: Some Lessons from the Nazi Experience, Jonathan Glover
Sterilizing the 'Feeble-Minded': Eugenics in Alberta, Canada, 1929-72, Jana Grekul, Harvey Krahn, and Dave Odynak
Population Policy and Eugenics in China Veronica Pearson
6.3. Cloning and Stem Cell Usage Cloning of Human Beings, Leon R. Kass
A Rose Is a Rose, but Clones Will Differ, John Russell and Andrew Irvine
Creating and Sacrificing Embryos for Stem Cells, K. Devolder
6.4. Genetic Treatment and Enhancement Genetic Enhancement, Walter Glannon
Genetic Engineering, Dan W. Brock
The Inevitability of Genetic Enhancement, Francois Baylis and Jason Scott Robert
6.5. Genetic Testing Implications of Prenatal Diagnosis for the Human Right to Life, Leon R. Kass
Genetics and Reproductive Risk: Can Having Children Be Immoral?, Laura M. Purdy
Prenatal Genetic Testing and Screening: Constructing Needs and Reinforcing Inequities, Abby Lippman
6.6. Cases Case 1: 'Leilani Muir versus the Philosopher King: Eugenics on Trial in Alberta', Douglas Wahlsten
Case 2: Changing Socially-Undesirable Characteristics
Case 3: Predictive Testing for Criminal Behaviour: Genes and Environment
Case 4: Testing for Late-Onset Genetic Disorders in Children
6.7. Suggested Further Reading
Chapter 7: Access to Heatlh Care
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Macroallocation: Is There a Right to Health Care?
The Right to a Decent Minimum of Health Care, Allen E. Buchanan
Managing Care the Canadian Way, Pat Armstrong
Restoring the Status of an Icon: A Talk with Canada's Minister of Health, John K. Inglehart
Sustaining Medicare: The Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada, Ray Romanow
Autonomy, Equality, and a Just Health Care System, Kai Nielson
7.3. Cases Case 1: Belinda Stronach Travels to California for Health Care Case 2: BC Physicians 'Cherry-Picking' Patients for Ease of Care, Refusing Those in Need Case 3: Refusal of Life-Saving Treatment Case 4: Universal Care: Less Time, Less Efficacy Case 5: Multiple Transplants
7.4. Suggested Further Reading
Chapter 8: Allocation of Scarce Medical Resources
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Microallocation: The Necessity of Rationing The Prostitute, the Playboy, and the Poet: Rationing Schemes for Organ Transplantation, George J. Annas
The Allocation of Exotic Medical Lifesaving Therapy, Nicholas P. Rescher
Allocating Resources to the Elderly, Daniel Callahan
Voluntary Risks to Health: The Ethical Issues, Robert Veatch
8.2. Increasing Resources through Commodification The Commodification of Medical and Health Care: The Moral Consequences of a Paradigm Shift from a Professional to a Market Ethic, Edmund D. Pellegrino
Join the Club: A Modest Proposal to Increase Availability of Donor Organs, Rupert Jarvis
Human Organs, Scarcities, and Sale: Morality Revisited, R.R. Kishore
Keeping an Eye on the Global Traffic in Human Organs, Nancy Scheper-Hughes
Debate over Online Recruitment of Organ Donors, Wayne Kondro
8.4. Cases Case 1: No Lungs for Linda Case 2: Rationing Services to an Elder Who Is Responsible for His Medical Condition Case 3: Buying a Kidney in India but Requesting Canadian After-Care
8.5. Suggested Further Reading
Chapter 9: Research with Humans
9.1. Introducion
9.2. The Dark History of Human Research The Tuskegee Study, Gregory E. Pence
Dr Ewen Cameron, Colin A. Ross
Biomedical Conflicts of Interest: A Defence of the Sequestration Thesis-Learning from the Cases of Nancy Olivieri and David Healy, Arthur Schafer
Dancing with the Porcupine: Rules for Governing the University-Industry Relationship, Stephen Lewis, Patricia Baird, Robert G. Evans, William A. Ghali, Charles J. Wright, Elaine Gibson, and Françoise Baylis
9.3. Codes and Guidelines The Nuremburg Code, Nuremburg Military Tribunal
Declaration of Helsinki, World Medical Association
Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans, Canadian Institutes of Health Research
9.4. Use of Children and Non-competent Patients in Research Ethical and Human-Rights Issues in Research on Mental Disorders That May Affect Decision-Making Capacity, Alexander M. Capron
The Child as Research Subject, Lainie Freidman Ross
Baby Fae: The 'Anything Goes' School of Human Experimentation, George J. Annas
9.5. Cases Case 1: Stanley Milgram: Lies and Invalid Consent a Necessary Part of the Research
Case 2: Mr Halushka: Human Research and Harm to Participants
Case 3: Non-clinical Research on Alzheimer's Patients
9.6. Suggested Further Reading Glossary Bibliography