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| Foreword | ||
| Acknowledgments | ||
| Introduction: Tokens, a New Theory | 1 | |
| The Myths | 1 | |
| The Pictographic Theory | 4 | |
| Tokens | 6 | |
| Pt. 1 | The Evidence | |
| 1 | What Are Tokens? | 17 |
| Types and Subtypes | 17 | |
| Evolution | 17 | |
| Materials | 29 | |
| Manufacture | 30 | |
| The Token Collection | 31 | |
| 2 | Plain Tokens | 35 |
| The Geographic Distribution | 35 | |
| Chronology | 36 | |
| Tokens in Iran | 40 | |
| Tokens in Iraq | 44 | |
| 3 | Complex Tokens | 49 |
| Uruk | 49 | |
| Susa | 73 | |
| Habuba Kabira | 88 | |
| The Complex Tokens Phenomenon | 91 | |
| 4 | Where Tokens Were Handled and Who Used Them | 93 |
| Types of Settlements | 93 | |
| Distribution within Settlements | 93 | |
| Structures | 95 | |
| Token Clusters | 97 | |
| Containers Holding Tokens | 97 | |
| Associated Assemblagcs | 98 | |
| Tokens as Funerary Offerings | 101 | |
| 5 | Strings of Tokens and Envelopes | 108 |
| Strings of Tokens | 108 | |
| Envelopes | 110 | |
| 6 | Impressed Tablets | 129 |
| Discovery | 129 | |
| Number | 130 | |
| Context | 132 | |
| Chronology | 133 | |
| Description | 133 | |
| The Signs | 134 | |
| Beyond the Impressed Tablets: Pictography | 139 | |
| The Meaning of Signs and Their Corresponding Tokens | 150 | |
| The Place of Impressed Tablets in the Evolution of Writing | 153 | |
| Pt. 2 | The Interpretation | |
| 7 | The Evolution of Symbols in Prehistory | 157 |
| Symbols and Signs | 157 | |
| Lower and Middle Paleolithic Symbols | 158 | |
| Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic Symbols | 159 | |
| Neolithic Symbols | 161 | |
| A Turning Point in Communication and Data Storage | 163 | |
| 8 | Tokens: The Socioeconomic Implications | 166 |
| Reckoning Technology and Society | 166 | |
| Reckoning Technology and Economy | 167 | |
| Reckoning Technology and Social Organization | 170 | |
| 9 | Counting and the Emergence of Writing | 184 |
| Counting: The Linguistic and Anthropological Evidence | 184 | |
| The Sumerian Philological Evidence | 187 | |
| The Near Eastern Archaeological Data | 188 | |
| Conclusions: Tokens, Their Role in Prehistory and Their Contribution to Archaeology | 195 | |
| Technology | 196 | |
| Mathematics | 196 | |
| Cognitive Skills | 197 | |
| Economy | 197 | |
| Social Structure | 197 | |
| Communication | 198 | |
| Pt. 3 | The Artifacts | |
| Charts 1-16 | 203 | |
| Cones | 203 | |
| Spheres | 206 | |
| Disks | 208 | |
| Cylinders | 212 | |
| Tetrahedrons | 214 | |
| Ovoids | 216 | |
| Quadrangles | 218 | |
| Triangles | 220 | |
| Biconoids | 222 | |
| Paraboloids | 223 | |
| Bent Coils | 224 | |
| Ovals/Rhomboids | 225 | |
| Vessels | 226 | |
| Tools | 229 | |
| Animals | 230 | |
| Miscellaneous | 232 | |
| Notes | 233 | |
| Index | 259 |
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Add Before Writing Vol. I: From Counting to Cuneiform, Before Writing gives a new perspective on the evolution of communication. It points out that when writing began in Mesopotamia it was not, as previously thought, a sudden and spontaneous invention. Instead, it was the outgrowth of many thousa, Before Writing Vol. I: From Counting to Cuneiform to the inventory that you are selling on WonderClubX
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Add Before Writing Vol. I: From Counting to Cuneiform, Before Writing gives a new perspective on the evolution of communication. It points out that when writing began in Mesopotamia it was not, as previously thought, a sudden and spontaneous invention. Instead, it was the outgrowth of many thousa, Before Writing Vol. I: From Counting to Cuneiform to your collection on WonderClub |