Atlas of Clinical Endocrinology, Diabetes Book

Chapter 1	Regulation of Insulin Secretion and Islet Cell Function
	Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology	2
	Insulin Secretion in Type 2 Diabetes	9
Chapter 2	The Mechanisms of Insulin Action
	Insulin Receptor	16
	Overview of Insulin Effects	16
	Role of Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins in Insulin Signaling	18
	Effectors of Insulin Action Downstream from Insulin Receptor Substrate	20
	Alternative Signaling Pathways	22
	Insulin Action on Glucose Metabolism	22
	Other Actions of Insulin	25
	Modulation of Insulin Action	26
Chapter 3	Consequences of Insulin Deficiency
	Structure of the Islets of Langerhans	30
	Definition and Criteria for Insulin-Deficient State	32
	Pathophysiology of Insulin-Deficient State	35
	Treatment of Acute Diabetic Complications	37
Chapter 4	Type 1 Diabetes
	Clinical Description	45
	Epidemiology	46
	Genetics	48
	Pathology	49
	Future Directions	57
Chapter 5	Management and Prevention of Complications in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
	History of Type 1 Diabetes and Its Treatment	60
	Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes	60
	Results of Therapy: Glycemia	63
	Long-term Complications: Pathophysiology and Results of Intensive Therapy	64
	New Approaches to Therapy	67
Chapter 6	The Pathogenesis of Type 2 Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes
	Pathogenesis of Type 2 Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes	72
	The Role of Genes and the Environment	73
	Insulin Action and Insulin Resistance at the Molecular Level	76
	The Molecular Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance	79
	The Physiologic Basis for Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes	81
Chapter 7	Management and Prevention of Diabetic Complications
	Complications of Diabetes	84
	Future Directions	93
Chapter 8	Insulin Resistance
	Definition and Measurement	95
	Insulin Action	97
	Insulin Resistance	100
	Insulin Resistance Syndrome	104
Chapter 9	Hypoglycemia
	Symptoms, Classification, and Glucose Behavior in Hypoglycemic Disorders	110
	Survival Rates and Recurrence	119
Chapter 10	Mechanisms of Hyperglycemic Damage in Diabetes
	Target-Organ Specificity of Hyperglycemic Damage	121
	Major Mechanisms of Hyperglycemic Damage	122
	Interrelationship of Mechanisms of Hyperglycemic Damage	129
	Potential Role of Insulin Resistance	130
	Genetics of Susceptibility to Complications	131
	Development of Complications During Posthyperglycemic Euglycemia	131
Chapter 11	Eye Complications of Diabetes
	Anatomy, Symptoms, and Pathology	135
	Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy	137
	Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy and Macular Edema	139
	Complications and Causes of Visual Loss	141
	Treatment	144
	Growth Factors and Potential Novel Therapies	148
Chapter 12	Diabetes and the Kidney
	Demographics and Incidence	151
	Diabetic Nephropathy Diagnosis	152
	Treatment and Prevention	158
Chapter 13	Diabetic Neuropathies
	Pathogenesis	164
	Mononeuropathy and Entrapment	165
	Distal Neuropathy	166
	Components of Cutaneous Nerve	166
	Large Fiber Neuropathy	167
	C-Fiber Dysfunction in Small Fiber Neuropathy	169
	Neuroarthropathy	171
	Autonomic Neuropathy	172
	Gastropathy	174
Chapter 14	Secondary Forms of Diabetes
	Abnormal Glucose Homeostasis Secondary to Endocrinologic Disorders: Acromegaly	180
	Cushing Syndrome	181
	Glucagonoma	183
	Pheochromocytoma	184
	Thyrotoxicosis	185
	Hyperprolactinemia	185
	Pancreatoprivic Diabetes: Pancreatectomy and Chronic Pancreatitis	186
	Hemochromatosis	186
	Pharmacologic Effects on Glucose Homeostasis	187
	Genetic Syndromes Affecting Glucose Tolerance	188
Chapter 15	Obesity
	Prevalence of Obesity	191
	Obesity and the Risk for Other Diseases	192
	Role of Molecular Mechanisms	192
	Role of Monogenic Mechanisms	194
	Treatment of Obesity	199
	Relative Risk for Obesity	202
	Index	205
	Color Plates