Art: A Brief History Book

IN THIS SECTION:

1.) BRIEF

2.) COMPREHENSIVE

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BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS:

Chapter 1: Prehistoric Art in Europe 

Chapter 2: Art of the Ancient Near East

Chapter 3: Art of Ancient Egypt

Chapter 4: Early Ancient Art

Chapter 5: Art of Ancient Greece

Chapter 6: Etruscan and Roman Art 

Chapter 7: Jewish, Early Christian, and Byzantine Art 

Chapter 8: Islamic Art

Chapter 9: Later Asian Art 

Chapter 10: Early Medieval and Romanesque Art 

Chapter 11: Gothic Art 

Chapter 12: Early Renaissance Art 

Chapter 13: Art of the High Renaissance and Reformation 

Chapter 14: Seventeenth-Century Art in Europe

Chapter 15: Art of the Americas 

Chapter 16: African Art 

Chapter 17: European and American Art, 1715–1840

Chapter 18: European and American Art, 1840–1910

Chapter 19: Modern Art in Europe and the Americas, 1900–1945  

Chapter 20: Art Since 1945 

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COMPREHENSIVE TABLE OF CONTENTS:

Preface ix

What’s New x

Faculty and Student Resources xi

Acknowledgments and Gratitude xii

Starter Kit xiv

Introduction 1

1 Prehistoric Art in Europe  18

Looking Forward 19

The Upper Paleolithic Art (c. 42,000–8,000 bce) 20

Artifacts or Works of Art? 20

Shelter or Architecture? 22

Cave Painting 22

Cave Sculptures 26

The Neolithic Period (c. 6500–3400/2300 bce) 26

Çatalhöyük 26

Ceramics 27

Megalithic Architecture 28

Looking Back 31

A CLOSER LOOK A House in Çatalhöyük 27

Elements of Architecture

Post-and-Lintel and Corbel Construction 29

Art and Its Contexts

The Power of Naming 22

The Meaning(s) of Prehistoric Paintings 23

Neolithic Man and Woman 28

IN PERSPECTIVE 31

2 Art of the Ancient Near East  32

Looking Forward 33

Sumer 35

Akkad, Ur, and Lagash 39

Babylon 40

Assyria 41

Neo-Babylonia 43

Persia 44

Looking Back 47

A CLOSER LOOK Animal Fables and Epic Themes 38

Art and Its Contexts

Art as Spoils of War—Protection or Theft? 35

The Ishtar Gate and Nebuchadnezzar’s II’s Palace 46

IN PERSPECTIVE 47

3 Art of Ancient Egypt  48

Looking Forward 49

Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom Egypt (c. 2950–2150 bce) 58

Middle Kingdom (c. 1975–1640 bce) 58

New Kingdom (c. 1539–1075 bce) 67

Late Egyptian Art 66

Looking Back 67

A CLOSER LOOK The Palette of Narmer 51

Elements of Architecture

Mastaba to Pyramid 53

Technique

Mummies 65

Art and Its Contexts

Egyptian Symbols 58

The Tomb of Ramose 63

IN PERSPECTIVE 67

4 Early Ancient Art  68

Looking Forward 69

The Indian Subcontinent 70

The Indus Valley Civilization 70

The Vedic Period 71

The Rise of Buddhism 71

Gandhara and Mathura Styles 74

Gupta Period 76

Southeast Asia 78

China 79

The Bronze Age 79

Chinese Empires: Qin, Han, and Tang 80

Korea 84

Japan 87

The Kofun Period 87

The Asuka Period 89

Looking Back 91

A CLOSER LOOK Rubbing of a Stone Relief 83

Elements of Architecture

Stupas 73

Art and Its Contexts

Buddhism 72

Buddhist Symbols 75

Hinduism 77

Confucianism 81

The Silk Route and the Making of Silk 82

Calligraphy 86

IN PERSPECTIVE 91

5 Art of Ancient Greece  92 

Looking Forward 93

The Cycladic Islands 95

Minoan Crete 95

Mycenaean (Late Bronze Age) Civilization 99

The Emergence of Greek Civilization 102

The Geometric Style 102

The Archaic Period 102

The Early Classical Period 109

The “High” Classical Period 112

The Parthenon 112

Other Buildings of the Athenian Acropolis 117

Late Classical Art of the Fourth Century bce 118

Hellenistic Art 120

Looking Back 127

A CLOSER LOOK Krater with the Death of Sarpedon 109

Elements of Architecture

The Greek Temple 104

Greek Theaters 122

Art and Its Contexts

Mythology and History 99

Color in Greek Sculpture 106

Classic and Classical 112

The Canon of Polykleitos 116

Women Artists In Ancient Greece 121

The Celts 125

IN PERSPECTIVE 127

6 Etruscan and Roman Art  128 

Looking Forward 129

The Etruscans 130

The Romans 133

The Republican Period 134

The Age of Augustus 138

The Roman House and Its Decoration 139

The Empire 143

Imperial Art and Architecture 143

Portraits in Sculpture and Painting 150

The Late Empire 152

Looking Back 157

A CLOSER LOOK Gemma Augustea 139

Elements of Architecture

Arch and Vault 137

Roman Architectural Orders 145

Technique

Roman Mosaics 142

Art and Its Contexts

Roman Portraiture 135

IN PERSPECTIVE 157

7 Jewish, Early Christian, and Byzantine Art  158 

Looking Forward 159

Early Jewish Art 162

Early Christianity 163

Early Byzantine Art (476–726) 169

The Golden Age of Justinian 169

Icons and Iconoclasm 176

Middle Byzantine Art (843–1204) 179

Late Byzantine Art 180

Looking Back 183

A CLOSER LOOK The Mosaic Floor of the Beth Alpha Synagogue 161

Elements of Architecture

Longitudinal-Plan and Central-Plan Churches 166

Pendentives and Squinches 174

Art and Its Contexts

Dura-Europos 163

The Life of Jesus 164

The Good Shepherd 168

Naming Christian Churches: Designation
+ Dedication + Location 172

Iconoclasm 177

IN PERSPECTIVE 183

8 Islamic Art  184 

Looking Forward 185

Art During the Early Caliphates 186

Architecture 186

Calligraphy 191

Later Islamic Art 193

The Saljuqs in Persia 193

The Nasrids in Spain 194

Luxury Arts 197

Books 206

The Ottoman Empire 200

Modern Islam 202

Looking Back 203

A CLOSER LOOK A Mamluk Glass Oil Lamp 197

Technique

Carpet Making 198

Art and Its Context

Islam and the Prophet Muhammad 188

IN PERSPECTIVE 203

9 Later Asian Art  204 

Looking Forward 205

The South Asian Subcontinent 206

The Mughal Empire 208

Rajput Painting and the Luxury Arts 210

Cambodia 213

China 214

Korea 220

Japan 222

Looking Back 231

A CLOSER LOOK Scene from The Tale of Genji 225

Technique

Indian Paintings on Paper 210

Formats of Chinese Painting 216

Art and Its Contexts

Panel from an Ivory Box 212

Writing, Language, and Culture in Japan 223

IN PERSPECTIVE 231

10 Early Medieval and Romanesque Art  232 

Looking Forward 233

Early Medieval Art in the British Isles 235

Scandinavian Art 237

Carolingian Art 238

Spanish Art 243

Ottonian Art 244

Romanesque Art 247

Architecture 247

Architectural Sculpture and Painting 250

Manuscripts, Textiles, and Woodcarving 256

Looking Back 259

A CLOSER LOOK Bishop Odo Blessing the Feast 255

Elements of Architecture

The Romanesque Church Portal 251

Art and Its Contexts

The Medieval Scriptorium 236

Hildegard of Bingen 257

IN PERSPECTIVE 259

11 Gothic Art  260 

Looking Forward 261

Gothic Art in France 263

Gothic Art in England 277

Gothic Art in the Germanic Lands 280

Late Medieval Art in Italy 281

Sculpture 283

Painting in Siena and Florence 284

Looking Back 291

A CLOSER LOOK Effects of Good Government in the City

and in the Country 282

Elements of Architecture

Rib Vaulting 266

The Gothic Church 268

Technique

Stained-Glass Windows 265

Cennini on Panel Painting 289

Buon Fresco 290

Art and Its Contexts

Notre-Dame de Paris 270

IN PERSPECTIVE 291

12 Early Renaissance Art  292 

Looking Forward 293

Northern Renaissance Art 294

The Imbourg Brothers 295

Painting in Flanders 297

Second-Generation Painters 301

Tapestries 303

The Graphic Arts 303

Italian Renaissance Art 306

Architecture 306

Sculpture 311

Painting 315

Looking Back 323

A CLOSER LOOK The Battle of San Romano 319

Technique

Oil Painting 298

Woodcuts and Engravings 306

Renaissance Perspective 314

Art and Its Contexts

Women Artists in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance 296

The Competition Reliefs 290

IN PERSPECTIVE 323

13 Art of the High Renaissance and Reformation  324 

Looking Forward 325

Italian Art of the High Renaissance 326

Venice and the Veneto 341

Mannerism 348

French Art 353

German Art 354

Painting and Prints 366

The Reformation and the Arts 369

Netherlandish and Spanish Art 361

Looking Back 365

A CLOSER LOOK The French Ambassadors 360

Elements of Architecture

St. Peter’s Basilica 340

Art and Its Contexts

The Vitruvian Man 327

Women Patrons of the Arts 343

Veronese is Called Before the Inquisition 346

IN PERSPECTIVE 365

14 Seventeenth-Century Art in Europe  366 

Looking Forward 367

Rome 368

Spain 380

Flanders 383

The Dutch Republic 387

France 396

Looking Back 401

A CLOSER LOOK Allegory of Sight 386

Technique

Etching and Drypoint 389

Art and Its Contexts

Science and the Changing Worldview 395

Grading the Old Masters 398

IN PERSPECTIVE 401

15 Art of the Americas  402 

Looking Forward 403

Mesoamerica 405

The Olmecs 405

Teotihuacan 406

The Maya 407

The Aztecs 409

Central America 412

South America: The Central Andes 412

The Moche Culture 413

The Inca Empire 415

The Aftermath of the Spanish Conquest 416

North America 416

Early Cultures of the East 418

The Southwest 420

The Eastern Woodlands and the Great Plains 422

Looking Back 427

A CLOSER LOOK Aztec Calendar Stone 411

Elements of Architecture

Inca Masonry 416

Technique

Basketry 422

Art and Its Contexts

Hamatsa Masks 425

IN PERSPECTIVE 427

16 African Art  428 

Looking Forward 429

Early African Art 430

Nok 431

Ife and Benin 431

Jenné and Great Zimbabwe 454

African Art in the Modern Era: Living Traditions and New Trends 436

Art and Domestic Life 436

Art and the Spirit World 437

Art and Power 439

The Art of Imitation 442

Art and Death 444

Looking Back 445

A CLOSER LOOK A Palace Door 440

Technique

Lost-Wax Casting 432

Art and Its Contexts

The Myth of “Primitive” Art 434

Mande Pots 437

Kuba Funerary Mask 443

IN PERSPECTIVE 445

17 European and American Art, 1715–1840  446 

Looking Forward 447

Rococo 448

Moralizing Narrative Painting 450

Portraiture 453

Neoclassicism and Romanticism 457

Neoclassical Painting in France 459

Neoclassical Architecture in England 462

Romantic Painting and Printmaking in France and Spain 464

Romantic Landscape Painting in England, America, and Germany 469

Looking Back 473

A CLOSER LOOK Georgian Silver 463

Technique

Lithography 466

Art and Its Contexts

“Am I Not a Man and a Brother?” 452

Art Academies in the Eighteenth Century 452

IN PERSPECTIVE 473

18 European and American Art, 1840–1910  474 

Looking Forward 475

Architecture 477

Enduring Neoclassicism in Academic Art 481

Reactions against the Academy 481

Art Nouveau 484

Photography 485

Realism 488

Early French Realist Painters 488

“The Painter of Modern Life” 490

A Continuing American Tradition 492

Impressionism 495

Post-Impressionism 500

Late Nineteenth-Century French Sculpture 507

Looking Back 509

A CLOSER LOOK Mahana no atua (Day of the God) 501

Technique

The Photographic Process 486

Art and Its Contexts

Orientalism 480

Japonisme 503

IN PERSPECTIVE 509

19 Modern Art in Europe and the Americas, 1900–1945  510 

Looking Forward 511

Early Modernism in Europe 513

Les Fauves 513

Die Brücke and Expressionism 514

Der Blaue Reiter 515

Cubism 516

Responses to Cubism 519

Dada 522

Modern Art Comes to the United States 525

European Art between the Wars 528

Constructivism 528

de Stijl 529

Architectural Purism 531

The Bauhaus 532

Surrealism 515

Sculpture 538

North American Art between the Wars 539

The United States 539

The Harlem Renaissance 541

Mexico 543

Canada 545

Architecture 545

Looking Back 549

A CLOSER LOOK Portrait of a German Officer 526

Elements of Architecture

The International Style 532

The Skyscraper 546

Art and Its Contexts

Suppression of the Avant-Garde in Germany 534

Guernica 537

IN PERSPECTIVE 549

20 Art Since 1945  550 

Looking Forward 551

Abstract Expressionism 552

Assemblage 558

Pop Art 561

Minimalism and Process Art 565

Conceptual and Performance Art 567

Earthworks and Site-Specific Art 568

Feminist Art 569

The Persistence and Global Impact of Modernism 573

Postmodernism 575

Neo-Expressionism 575

Social Commentary and Moral Activism 576

Identity, Race, and Ethnicity 577

Installation: Electronic and Video Art 580

New Ideas in Traditional Materials 584

Postwar Architecture 587

Public Memory and Art: The Memorial 589

Looking Back 591

A CLOSER LOOK Man’s Love Story 574

Art and Its Contexts

Greenberg and the Idea of the Mainstream 554

Homage to New York 561

“High” and “Low” Culture in the Myth of Modernism 562

Appropriation and the “Death of the Author” 565

Critical Theory 581

IN PERSPECTIVE 591

Contemporary World Map 604

Glossary 605

Bibliography 612

Index 621

Credits 634