Argumentation, Communication, and Fallacies Book

	Preface
Pt. I	Argumentation and Communication
1	The Pragma-Dialectical Approach	3
	Studies of Argumentation	3
	Components of a Research Program	5
	Pragma-Dialectical Starting-Points	9
	Overview of the Book	11
2	Standpoints and Differences of Opinion	13
	Resolving Differences of Opinion	13
	Positive and Negative Standpoints	15
	Simple and Complex Disputes	16
	The Verbal Presentation of Standpoints and Doubt	22
3	Argumentation as a Complex Speech Act	26
	Communicative and Interactional Aspects	26
	Elementary and Complex Speech Acts	28
	Identity and Correctness Conditions for Argumentation	30
4	Speech Acts In a Critical Discussion	34
	Stages in the Resolution of a Dispute	34
	Distribution of Speech Acts Over the Dialectical Stages	37
	Argumentative Discourse as Critical Discussion	40
5	Implicit and Indirect Speech Acts	44
	Implicit Speech Acts in Argumentative Discourse	44
	Communication Rules and Indirect Speech Acts	49
	Conventionalization of Indirect Speech Acts	56
6	Unexpressed Premises in Argumentative Discourse	60
	Analysis at the Pragmatic and the Logical Level	60
	Unexpressed Premises as Indirect Speech Acts	63
	The Role of the Context in Determining the Pragmatic Optimum	64
	The Role of Logic in Making Unexpressed Premises Explicit	68
7	Complex Argumentation Structures	73
	Multiple Argumentation	73
	Coordinatively Compound Argumentation	76
	Subordinatively Compound Argumentation	82
	Complex Argumentation and Unexpressed Premises	85
Pt. II	Communication and Fallacies
8	Analyzing and Evaluating Argumentative Discourse	93
	Components of an Analytic Overview	93
	Argumentation Schemes as Dialectical Tools	94
	Fallacies as Violations of Discussion Rules	102
9	Fallacies in the Confrontation	107
	Advancing Standpoints and Doubt	107
	Putting Pressure on the Opponent	109
	Attacking the Opponent Personally	110
	Complications Regarding the Confrontation	113
10	Fallacies in the Distribution of Discussion Roles	116
	Being Obliged to Defend a Standpoint	116
	Evading the Burden of Proof	117
	Shifting the Burden of Proof	120
	Complications Regarding Discussion Roles	122
11	Fallacies in Representing a Standpoint	124
	Attacking Standpoints	124
	Imputing a Fictitious Standpoint to the Opponent	126
	Distorting the Opponent's Standpoint	127
	Complications Regarding the Representation of Standpoints	130
12	Fallacies in Choosing the Means of Defense	132
	Choosing the Means to Defend a Standpoint	132
	Playing on the Audience's Emotions	134
	Parading One's Own Qualities	135
	Complications Regarding the Means of Defense	137
13	Fallacies in Dealing With Unexpressed Premises	141
	Making Explicit What Has Been Left Unexpressed	141
	Magnifying an Unexpressed Premise	142
	Denying an Unexpressed Premise	144
	Complications Regarding Unexpressed Premises	146
14	Fallacies in Utilizing Starting Points	149
	Dealing with Starting Points	149
	Falsely Presenting a Premise as a Common Starting Point	151
	Denying a Premise Representing an Accepted Starting Point	154
	Complications Regarding Starting Points	155
15	Fallacies in Utilizing Argumentation Schemes	158
	Dealing with Argumentation Schemes	158
	Relying on an Inappropriate Argumentation Scheme	160
	Using an Appropriate Argumentation Scheme Incorrectly	162
	Complications Regarding Argumentation Schemes	165
16	Fallacies in Utilizing Logical Argument Forms	169
	Dealing with Logical Argument Forms	169
	Confusing Necessary and Sufficient Conditions	172
	Confusing the Properties of Parts and Wholes	174
	Complications Regarding Logical Argument Forms	178
17	Fallacies in Concluding the Discussion	184
	Establishing the Result of a Discussion	184
	Making an Abso