Analytical Chemistry in Archaeology Book

List of figures     ix
List of tables     xii
Preface     xiii
The Role of Analytical Chemistry in Archaeology     1
Archaeology and Analytical Chemistry     3
The history of analytical chemistry in archaeology     5
Basic archaeological questions     10
Questions of process     25
An Introduction to Analytical Chemistry     31
What is chemistry?     31
Analytical chemistry     38
Special considerations in the analysis of archaeological material     42
The Application of Analytical Chemistry to Archaeology     45
Elemental Analysis by Absorption and Emission Spectroscopies in the Visible and Ultraviolet     47
Optical emission spectroscopy (OES)     47
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)     48
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES)     57
Comparison of analysis by absorption/emission spectrometries     60
Greek pots and European bronzes - archaeological applications of emission/absorption spectrometries     62
Molecular Analysis by Absorption and Raman Spectroscopy     70
Optical and UV spectrophotometry     70
Infrared absorption spectroscopy     77
Raman spectroscopy     83
Soils, bone, and the "Baltic shoulder" - archaeological applications of vibrational spectroscopy     85
X-ray Techniques and Electron Beam Microanalysis     93
Introduction to X-rays     93
X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry     101
Electron microscopy as an analytical tool     109
X-ray diffraction     113
Other X-ray related techniques     116
A cornucopia of delights - archaeological applications of X-ray analysis     118
Neutron Activation Analysis     123
Introduction to nuclear structure and the principles of neutron activation analysis     123
Neutron activation analysis in practice     128
Practical alchemy - archaeological applications of NAA     130
Chromatography     137
Principles of chromatography     137
Classical liquid column chromatography     139
Thin layer chromatography (TLC)     139
Gas chromatography (GC)     142
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)     146
Sticky messengers from the past - archaeological applications of chromatography     147
Mass Spectrometry     160
Separation of ions by electric and magnetic fields      160
Light stable isotopes ([delta]D, [delta superscript 13]C, [delta superscript 15]N, [delta superscript 18]O, and [delta[superscript 34]S)     169
Heavy isotopes (Pb, Sr) - thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS)     173
Combined techniques - GC-MS     174
Isotope archaeology - applications of MS in archaeology     176
Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)     195
Types of ICP analysis     195
Comparison with other techniques     200
Instrument performance     202
Splitting hairs - archaeological applications of ICP-MS     208
Some Basic Chemistry for Archaeologists     215
Atoms, Isotopes, Electron Orbitals, and the Periodic Table     217
The discovery of subatomic particles     217
The Bohr-Rutherford model of the atom     227
Stable and radioactive isotopes     230
The quantum atom     238
The periodic table     243
Valency, Bonding, and Molecules     249
Atoms and molecules     249
Bonds between atoms     253
Intermolecular bonds     258
Lewis structures and the shapes of molecules     260
Introduction to organic compounds     263
Isomers      269
The Electromagnetic Spectrum     275
Electromagnetic waves     275
Particle-wave duality     279
Emission lines and the Rydberg equation     281
Absorption of EM radiation by matter - Beer's law     286
The EM spectrum and spectrochemical analysis     288
Synchrotron radiation     290
Practical Issues in Analytical Chemistry     294
Some basic procedures in analytical chemistry     294
Sample preparation for trace element and residue analysis     302
Standards for calibration     306
Calibration procedures and estimation of errors     309
Quality assurance procedures     319
Epilogue     322
Appendices     326
Scientific notation     326
Significant figures     327
Seven basic SI units     328
Physical constants     329
Greek notation     330
Chemical symbols and isotopes of the elements     331
Electronic configuration of the elements (to radon, Z = 86)     335
Some common inorganic and organic sample preparation methods used in archaeology     337
General safe practice in the laboratory     340
COSHH assessments      342
References     350
Index     391