An International Regime for Marine Scientific Research Book

	Foreword	xvii
	Introduction	xxii
	Acknowledgments	xxix
	Table of Acronyms	xxxiii
Part I.	The Practice of States Regarding Msr Implementation
Chapter 1	International Implementation of the Marine Scientific Research Regime	3
A.	Introduction	3
B.	MSR Regime Implementation: Researching State and Coastal State Perspectives	5
1.	Maritime Boundaries Under UNCLOS	5
2.	Preliminary Observations: Coastal and Researching State Perspectives	7
3.	Conventional Law Governing MSR Activities	25
C.	Overview of Regional MSR Implementation	31
1.	Caribbean Island States, Central American States and South American States	31
2.	Asia-Pacific States	79
3.	Persian Gulf, East Mediterranean, and Red Sea States	121
4.	African States	132
5.	European States	140
6.	North American States	156
D.	Conclusions	181
E.	Appendix	182
1.	Marine Biomedical Research at HBOI	182
2.	MSR Clearance Tables	184
3.	MSR U.S. Clearance Experience	190
4.	1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Part XIII Provisions	191
Part II	Legal Development of MSR Regulation
Chapter 2	Development of International Law Relating to Marine Science	209
A.	Introduction	209
B.	Development of Customary International Law on Marine Science (Fifteenth-Nineteenth Centuries)	210
1.	Customary International Law Principles Relating to Oceanic Research (Fifteenth-Nineteenth Centuries)	211
2.	State Practice	215
C.	Development of International law Relating to Oceanographic Research (Nineteenth-Twentieth Centuries)	222
1.	Principle of Absolute Liberty and Equality of Science in and on the Seas	222
2.	Principle of Restricted Freedom of Fundamental Oceanographic Research on the High Seas Covering the Continental Shelf	223
3.	Principle of Restricted Freedom of Fundamental Oceanographic and Other Scientific Research, Experimentation, and Exploration of the Continental Shelf	227
4.	Principle of Restricted Freedom of Oceanic Research While on Passage Through the Territorial Sea	228
D.	State Practice Relating to the Conduct of Oceanographic Research (Nineteenth-Twentieth Centuries)	228
E.	The 1958 Geneva Conventions on the Law of the Sea	236
1.	Restrictions on the Conduct of Marine Scientific Research Activities in the Territorial Sea in the 1958 Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone	237
2.	Implied Reference to Scientific Research in the 1958 Geneva Convention on the High Seas	246
3.	Provisions Relating to Marine Scientific Research in the 1958 Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf	252
F.	State Practice Relating to Fundamental Oceanographic Research and Other Scientific Research Activities on the Continental Shelf	273
G.	Settlement of Disputes Concerning the Conduct of Scientific Research in Areas Under Coastal State Sovereign Rights and Jurisdiction	275
1.	The RRS Shackleton Case	275
2.	The Aegean Sea Continental Shelf Case	279
H.	Conclusion	284
Chapter 3	Marine Scientific Research Provisions in the 1982 UNCLOS	287
A.	Introduction	287
B.	General Provisions and Principles Relating to the Conduct of MSR Activities	290
1.	General Provisions	291
2.	General Principles	293
3.	General Prohibition	299
4.	Promotion of International Cooperation	301
C.	Provisions on the Conduct and Promotion of MSR Activities in Foreign Zones of Sovereignty, Sovereign Rights, and Jurisdiction	302
1.	MSR Activities in Zones Under the Sovereignty of the Coastal State	303
2.	MSR Activities in Zones of Sovereign Rights	308
D.	MSR Activities Beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction	318
1.	MSR on the High Seas	320
2.	MSR in the "Area"	322
E.	Conditions for the Conduct of MSR Activities	324
1.	Duties of Researching States and International Organizations Under Articles 248 and 249	328
2.	Duty to Comply with Certain Conditions	333
3.	Priority Rights and Duties Relating to the Publication of MSR Results	343
4.	Remedies Available to the Coastal State with Respect to Its Rights of Access to Research Results	347
5.	Cessation of MSR Activities and Settlement of Dispute Mechanisms	349
F.	Conclusions	350
Part III	The New Marine Biogenetic Frontier
Chapter 4	The New Frontier: A Bottomless Pot of Gold at the End of the Biotechnology Rainbow--Proprietary and Non-Proprietary Marine Scientific Research	353
A.	Introduction	353
B.	Proprietary and Non-Proprietary Rights over MSR Data, Samples, and Results	359
1.	MSR Data, Samples, and Results Bearing on Coastal State Natural Resources	361
2.	MSR Data, Samples, and Results Unrelated to Coastal State Natural Resources	365
3.	Prohibition on Using MSR Data, Samples, and Results as the Legal Basis for Claims	366
C.	State Practice	376
1.	Range and Consistency of Approaches to MSR Data, Samples, and Results by Coastal States	376
2.	Case-Study: Ecuador	379
D.	Institutional Restrictions on the Dissemination of MSR Data, Samples, and Results	387
1.	Universities	387
2.	Industry	396
3.	Government	399
E.	Intellectual Property Rights and MSR Data, Samples, and Results	404
1.	Definitions and Categories of Intellectual Property	404
2.	Industrial Property	408
3.	Copyright	411
4.	International Treaties Governing Intellectual Property Relevant to MSR	412
F.	Conclusions	458
Chapter 5	Agreements Complementing UNCLOS 1982 Marine Scientific Research Clearance Communications	461
A.	Introduction	461
B.	Treaties and Private Law Transactions	464
C.	The Doctrine of Pactum de Contrahendo/Pactum de Negotiando	467
1.	Judicial Elaboration of Good Faith in Pacta de Contrahendo/de Negotiando	469
2.	Pacta Mechanisms Under UNCLOS 1982 and CBD 1992	480
3.	MSR Clearance Communications Under Article 250, Part XIII, 1982 UNCLOS	483
D.	Selected Standard Agreements Complementing the MSR Clearance Process	492
1.	Agreements Between US Non-Profit Research Institutions	493
2.	Agreements Between Government Institutions and Between Government Institutions and Private Non-Profit Research Corporations (for the Transfer of Biogenetic and Research on Other Materials)	497
3.	International Material Transfer Agreements (MTAs)	506
E.	Sample of International Ocean Science and Technology Cooperative Agreements	514
F.	Conclusions	523
Part IV	Legal Framework for International Ocean Science Cooperation
Chapter 6	International Cooperation in Marine Scientific Research	527
A.	Introduction	527
B.	Law of the Sea Framework for International Marine Scientific Research Cooperation	529
1.	Geneva Conventions on the Law of the Sea (1958)	529
2.	United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982)	530
C.	Global and Regional Legal Framework for Marine Scientific Cooperation	537
1.	Scientific Cooperation Regarding Fisheries and Living Resources	537
2.	Scientific Cooperation Regarding Marine Pollution	546
D.	MSR Cooperation in the U.N. System	551
1.	ABE-LOS	558
E.	Practice of States on International and Regional MSR Cooperation	562
1.	Caribbean Island States	562
2.	Central American States	565
3.	Latin American States	568
4.	South Pacific Island States	572
5.	North Pacific States	575
6.	Asian States	578
7.	Persian Gulf States	582
8.	East Mediterranean and Red Sea States	583
9.	African States	584
10.	European and North American States	585
F.	Capacity Building	591
G.	Conclusions	597
	Conclusion	599
	Bibliography	619
	Table of Cases	649
	Index	651