American Education, 1945-2000: A History and Commentary Book

	Acknowledgements	xi
1	Society, Politics, and Education: 1945-1950	1
	Situating American Education	2
	The GI Bill: Servicemen's Readjustment Act	9
	New Directions for Higher Education	14
	Military Occupation and Educational Reforms	16
	Conclusion	22
	Notes	23
	Further Reading	24
2	Controversies over Federal Aid to Education, 1945-1955	25
	The Context of the Federal Aid Controversy	26
	Strategic Considerations	31
	Supreme Court Cases	34
	Religious Controversies	35
	Further Battles over Federal Aid	36
	Conclusion	37
	Notes	38
	Further Reading	38
3	The 1950s: Postwar Changes	41
	Suburbia	43
	The Eisenhower Administration	44
	National Defense Education Act	46
	The Atomic Age, Cold War, and Civil Defense	47
	Conclusion	57
	Notes	57
	Further Reading	59
4	The Curricular Controversies of the 1950s	61
	Historical Context	61
	The Legacy of Progressivism	64
	Life Adjustment Education	68
	Conclusion	80
	Notes	81
	Further Reading	82
5	The Cold War, Anti-Communism, McCarthyism, and Education	85
	Professional Educators, the Soviet Union, and Communism in the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s	87
	Early Developments in the Cold War	91
	Anti-Communist Educational Critics	93
	The House Committee on Un-American Activities	95
	McCarthy and McCarthyism	99
	The States, Anti-Communism, and Educational Targets	102
	Educators' Responses to Anti-Communist Charges	110
	Conclusion	114
	Notes	115
	Further Reading	117
6	Racial Desegregation and Education	119
	Historical Context	119
	Developing a Legal Strategy to Overturn Segregation	121
	Brown v. Board of Education	125
	Reactions to Brown	127
	The Little Rock Crisis	130
	The Kennedy Justice Department and Civil Rights	135
	Promoting Racial Desegregation and Integration	136
	Developments in Educational Theory	140
	Conclusion	148
	Notes	149
	Further Reading	150
7	Educational Policies in the 1960s: The Kennedy and Johnson Administrations	153
	The Kennedy Administration	153
	International Relations and the Peace Corps	162
	Lyndon Johnson and Education for the Great Society	170
	Conclusion	182
	Notes	184
	Further Reading	186
8	Reforms and Critiques of Schooling, Curriculum, and Instruction: The 1960s and 1970s	189
	Historical Context	189
	New Approaches to Curriculum, Organization, and Staffing	191
	Humanistic and Romantic Critics	200
	The Open Education Moement	204
	Alternative Education and Schools	209
	Deschooling Society	211
	The Revival of Basic Education	213
	Conclusion	214
	Notes	214
	Further Reading	216
9	Student Activism in the 1960s: Campus Unrest, Vietnam, and the Counterculture	219
	Interpreting the 1960s	220
	Student Activism and Protests	224
	Situating Student Activism: The University of California at Berkeley	230
	Vietnam and the Escalation of Student Activism	234
	The Decade's Tragic Ending, 1969-1970	241
	Conclusion	241
	Notes	243
	Further Reading	244
10	The 1970s: The Nixon, Ford, and Carter Administrations and Education	247
	Historical Context	247
	The Nixon Administration	249
	The Ford Administration	254
	The Education of Children with Handicaps	260
	The Carter Administration	263
	Conclusion	268
	Notes	268
	Further Reading	270
11	Education in the 1980s: Reagan, Bush, and Neoconservative Reform	271
	Historical Context	271
	Reaganomics and Social and Educational Policy	275
	A Decade of Reports	280
	Technology and Education	283
	AIDS Education	284
	The Bush Administration	285
	Conclusion	286
	Notes	287
	Further Reading	288
12	American Society and Education in the 1990s	291
	International and National Events	291
	Educational Issues	293
	Trends in School Organization and Instruction	297
	Persistent Educational Issues	301
	Violence and Schools	310
	Recent Trends in Higher Education	316
	Conclusion	322
	Notes	322
	Further Reading	324
	Index	327