A Survey of English Spelling Book

	Acknowledgements
	Preface
	Conventions, Symbols and Technical Terms
1	Alternative Approaches to Describing English Spelling	1
1.1	A philological approach	1
1.2	A functional approach	3
2	Literacy and English Spelling: Methods and Problems	5
2.1	Writing without speech	5
2.2	Linking speech to writing: sounds and letters	6
2.3	Divergence	15
2.4	Lexical spelling	18
2.5	Reading	26
2.6	Finding correspondences	32
2.7	Accent and Dialect: Literacy is Harder for Some	52
2.8	Rules and Errors	66
2.9	Spelling Subsystems and Literacy	96
3	Speech-to-Text Correspondences: Encoding	104
3.1	A corpus-based study	104
3.2	General Factors in Speech-to-Text Rules	112
3.3	Speech-to-text correspondences phoneme by phoneme	134
4	Text-to-Speech Correspondences: Decoding	256
4.1	Scale and complexity in text-to-speech spelling rules	256
4.2	General Factors in Text-to-Speech Rules	267
4.3	Text-to-Speech Spelling Rules	280
5	Identical Forms: Homographs and Homophones	395
5.1	Homographs and homophones	395
5.2	Types of homograph	401
5.3	Types of homophone	401
5.4	New words from variant spellings	407
5.5	Homophonous affixes	417
6	Conventions Used in the Spelling of Names	443
6.1	The spelling of names	443
6.2	Manipulated spellings in trade-names	446
6.3	Variants and totems	448
6.4	Padding	454
6.5	Variability in vowel correspondences	458
6.6	Stress placement and vowel reduction	464
6.7	Variability in consonant correspondences	465
7	Standardization and Spelling Reform	467
7.1	Sixteenth and seventeenth century standardizations	467
7.2	Etymology: familiarity and respectability	468
7.3	Spelling reform in Britain and the USA	473
	References	489
	General Index	494
	Selective Word Index	512
	Index of Spelling Correspondences	522
	Index of Initial and Final Letter Strings in Words	527
	Index of Spelling Errors and Re-Spellings	530