Road Travel Demand : Meeting the Challenge Book

Chapter 1	Introduction	11
	Scope of the study	11
	Why is travel demand increasing?	12
	Meeting travel demand: a delicate balancing act	14
	Efforts underway to influence road travel demand	15
	References	19
Chapter 2	Land Use and Transport Planning	21
	Description	21
	Objectives and major impacts	21
	Application of measures	22
	Institutional responsibility for implementation	23
	Effects on travel patterns	23
	Regional structures	25
	Corridor development	27
	Cost-effectiveness	29
	Special problems and issues	29
	Packaging of measures	30
	Conclusions	31
	References	38
Chapter 3	Communication Substitutes	43
	Description	43
	Objectives and major impacts	45
	Application of measures	47
	Effects on travel patterns	49
	Cost-effectiveness	51
	Special problems and issues	52
	Packaging of measures	53
	Conclusions	53
	References	58
Chapter 4	Traveller Information Services	63
	Description	63
	Objectives and major impacts	64
	Application of measures	65
	Institutional responsibility for implementation	69
	Effects on travel patterns	70
	Special problems and issues	71
	Packaging with other measures	71
	Conclusions	72
	Reference	76
Chapter 5	Economic Measures	77
	Description	77
	Objectives and major impacts	80
	Application of measures	81
	Institutional responsibility for implementation	81
	Effects on travel patterns	82
	Cost-effectiveness	82
	Special problems or issues	83
	Packages with other measures	83
	Conclusions	84
	References	94
Chapter 6	Administrative Measures	95
	Description	95
	Objectives and major impacts	96
	Application of measures	96
	Institutional responsibility for implementation	96
	Effects on travel patterns	97
	Cost-effectiveness	98
	Special problems and issues	98
	Packaging with other measures	98
	Conclusions	99
	References	106
Chapter 7	Parking Management and Parking Pricing	107
	Description	107
	Objectives and major impacts	108
	Application of measures	109
	Institutional responsibility for implementation	109
	Effects on travel patterns	110
	Cost-effectiveness	111
	Special problems or issues	111
	Packages with other measures	111
	Conclusions	112
	References	116
Chapter 8	Traffic Management	117
	Description	117
	Objectives and major impacts	118
	Application of measures	119
	Institutional responsibility for implementation	120
	Effect on travel patterns	120
	Cost-effectiveness	121
	Special problems or issues	121
	Packaging with other measures	121
	Conclusions	121
	References	126
Chapter 9	Preferential Treatment	127
	Description	127
	Objectives and major impacts	127
	Application of measures	128
	Institutional responsibility for implementation	130
	Effects on travel patterns	130
	Cost-effectiveness	130
	Special problems or issues	131
	Conclusions	131
	References	138
Chapter 10	Public Transport	139
	Description	139
	Objectives and major impacts	140
	Application of measures	140
	Institutional responsibility for implementation	142
	Effects on travel patterns	142
	Cost-effectiveness	143
	Special problems or issues	143
	Packages with other measures	144
	Conclusions	144
	References	149
Chapter 11	Freight Measures	151
	Description	151
	Objectives and major impacts	152
	Application of measures	152
	Institutional responsibility for implementation	153
	Effects on travel patterns	153
	Cost-effectiveness	153
	Special problems and issues	154
	Packaging with other measures	154
	Conclusions	154
	References	157
Chapter 12	Implementation and Combinations of Different Measures	159
	Description	159
	Objectives and major impacts	159
	Application of measures	160
	Institutional responsibility for implementation	161
	Effects on travel patterns	162
	Cost-effectiveness	163
	Special problems and issues	164
	Packaging of measures	164
	Conclusions	168
	References	169
Chapter 13	Transport Challenges for the Future	171
	Description	171
	Evaluating future transport projects	172
	Uncoupling economic growth and transport growth	174
	Sustainability	178
	References	180
Chapter 14	Conclusions and Recommendations	183
	Conclusions	183
	Recommendations	185
	References	186
Annex	Terms of Reference	191
	Boxes
	Economic growth	13
	Increasing income levels	13
	Changing household structure	13
	Demographic changes	13
	Changing lifestyles	14
	Rising car ownership	14
	ABC-location policy, the Netherlands	32
	Planning Policy Guidance 13, United Kingdom	33
	Planning Policy Guidance 6--Retail Location, United Kingdom	34
	Urban Redevelopment, Singapore	34
	Corridor Development, Curitiba, Brazil	35
	Corridor Development, Portland, Oregon, United States	35
	Revitalising Central Business Districts, Greenwich Millennium Village, United Kingdom	36
	The Irvine Triangle, California, United States	36
	Stuttgarter Strasse/Frazosisches Viertel, Tubingen, Germany	36
	District Vauban, Freiburg, Germany	37
	Suburban Activity Centres, United States	37
	Telework Study, Cambridgeshire County Council, United Kingdom	54