Europeanisation of Public Law Book

Foreword v

Acknowledgements vii

Contents ix

Abbreviations xvi

Chapter I Introduction

1 A meeting of two disciplines 3

2 Approach and structure of the book 5

3 European administrative law: some key concepts 6

4 Sources of Community law 9

5 Implementation of Community law in the national legal systems 13

6 The paradox of institutional autonomy 18

7 Legality in an integrated legal order and the powers of national administrative authorities 23

8 Mixed administration 29

9 Conclusion 32

Chapter II Europeanisation of National Administrative Law

1 Leading principles 35

2 Constraints on national administrative law: the requirements of equivalence and effectiveness 40

3 The principle of effective judicial protection 49

4 Equivalence and effectiveness, or effective judicial protection? 54

5 The trends in perspective 57

Chapter III Direct Effect

1 Introduction 63

2 Direct effect 63

2.1 The conditions for direct effect 63

2.2 Limits to discretion 68

2.3 The negative obligation stated in Inter-Environnement 72

2.4 Who is required to apply directly effective Community law? 73

2.5 Who can rely on directly effective provisions? 76

2.6 Horizontal side effects 78

2.7 Inverse direct effect 83

2.8 Legal consequences of direct effect 84

2.8.1 General 84

2.9 Some specific problems 88

2.9.1 Direct effect where implementation has been full and proper? 88

2.9.2 Can the national court force the legislature to act? 89

2.9.3 How do national courts review decisions in the light of Community law? 90

2.9.4 Direct effect and national procedural law 95

Chapter IV Consistent Interpretation

1 General remarks 99

2 Judicial interpretation101

3 The position of the national courts 103

4 Consistent interpretation and legal certainty 105

5 Priority for consistent interpretation? 106

6 Consistent interpretation and obligations for individuals 108

7 Consistent interpretation by administrative authorities? 111

Chapter V General Principles of Law

1 Introduction 115

2 Common aspects 116

2.1 Origin of the principles 116

2.2 Types of principle 118

2.3 Fundamental rights as general principles of Community law 119

2.4 Functions and scope of the principles 122

2.5 Operation of the principles in the Member States 124

3 Equality 125

3.1 Introduction 125

3.2 Unwritten principle of equality and written non-discrimination provisions 126

3.3 What is prohibited? 129.

3.4 Types of discrimination 132

3.5 Justifications 135

3.6 Intensity of review 137

3.7 Consequences of infringement of the principle of equality 139

3.8 The significance of the Community principle of equality for domestic law 140

4 Proportionality 142

4.1 General remarks 142

4.2 The proportionality principle in Community law 146

4.2.1 The substance of the Community proportionality principle 148

4.2.2 Proportionality in the review of Community legislation 150

4.2.3 Proportionality and free movement 151

4.2.4 Proportionality and Community sanctions 160

4.3 Proportionality and the role of national courts 162

5 Legitimate expectations 163

5.1 Introduction 163

5.2 Substance of legitimate expectations in Community law 165

5.3 Application of the principle in Member States 171

5.3.1 Introduction 171

5.3.2 Application of a codified version of the principle in the Member States 172

5.3.3 Limits to the application of a national principle of legitimate expectations 175

5.3.4 Impact of the unwritten European principle of legitimate expectations in the Member States 184

5.4 Conclusion 186

6 Rights of defence 187

6.1 Introduction 187

6.2 The rights of defence in the case law of the Court of Justice 188

6.3 The influence of the European rights of defence and national administrative law upon each other 193

Chapter VI Administrative Enforcement

1 Introduction 199

1.1 The European enforcement deficit 199

1.2 European influence on national enforcement of Community law 201

2 Enforcement of Community law in the Member States 202

2.1 Administrative enforcement 202

2.2 Criminal enforcement 203

2.3 Private enforcement 205

3 Judge-made rules for national enforcement of Community law 206

3.1 Introduction 206

3.2 Instrumental requirements 206

3.2.1 General 206

3.2.2 Equivalence (non-discrimination) 209

3.2.3 Effective and dissuasive 212

3.3 Protective requirements 213

3.3.1 Introduction 213

3.3.2 Fundamental rights 214

3.3.3 General principles of law 217

3.3.4 Treaty freedoms 219

3.4 Conclusions 220

4 Community legislative influence on compliance control within the Member States 220

4.1 Introduction 220

4.2 Harmonisation of national monitoring activities 221

4.3 Harmonisation of national control activities with a view to transnational enforcement cooperation 222

4.4 Independent powers of inspection of the Commission in the Member States 225

4.5 Value of transnational evidence 228

4.6 Conclusions 230

5 Community legislative influence on imposition of sanctions in Member States 231

5.1 Introduction 231

5.2 The process of Europeanisation of national administrative sanctions 232

5.3 Criminal sanctions under the First Pillar 235

5.4 Conclusions 238

Chapter VII Judicial Protection

1 Introduction 241

1.1 Effective judicial protection in a shared and integrated legal order 241

1.2 The Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance 242

2 Division of responsibilities between the Court of Justice and the national courts 245

2.1 The general picture 245

2.2 The action for annulment 247

2.2.1 General 247

2.2.2 The application for interim measures 248

2.2.3 The limited right of access of individuals 249

2.3 The action for failure to act 253

2.4 Interference with the national judicial process 254

2.5 Non- contractual liability of the Community 256

2.6 Conclusion 259

3 Cooperation between the national courts and the Community institutions 260

3.1 Introduction: the principle of loyal cooperation 260

3.2 The reference for a preliminary ruling 263

3.2.1 General 263

3.2.2 Power or duty to refer 265

3.2.3 Procedural aspects 268

3.2.4 Remedies for wrongful judicial decisions 271

3.3 The role of national courts in interim relief proceedings 275

3.3.1 Interim relief and questions of interpretation 275

3.3.2 Interim relief and questions of validity 277

4 European influence on national judicial protection and procedural law 286

4.1 Introduction 286

4.2 Access to the court 288

4.3 Time limits 294

4.3.1 Introduction 294

4.3.2 Reasonable time limits are permitted 294

4.3.3 The rise and fall of Emmott 296

4.4 Rules of evidence 301

4.5 Ex officio application of European law 308

5 Conclusion 316

Chapter VIII State Liability

1 Introduction 321

2 The genesis of Francovich liability 323

2.1 The first step: Francovich and state liability as a matter of principle 323

2.2 The second step: Brasserie du Pêcheur and Factortame 326

2.3 Towards a general theory of liability: Dillenkofer 330

2.4 The conditions for liability 331

2.4.1 A 'sufficiently serious' breach 331

2.4.2 Rights for individuals 336

2.4.3 A causal link 344

2.5 Which organs of the state may give rise to liability? 347

2.5.1 The legislature 348

2.5.2 The executive 349

2.5.3 The judiciary 349

2.5.4 Subnational authorities 351

2.6 Other relevant aspects 355

2.6.1 Obligation to mitigate the loss 355

2.6.2 The role of national law and the national courts 357

3 Conclusion 361

Chapter IX Conclusion

1 Influence from the top down and the bottom up 365

2 Implications for national administrative law 366

3 Towards an administrative law jus commune? 369

Bibliography 374

Table of Cases 396

Index 416