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Acronyms ix
Treaties referred to in this book xi
Acknowledgements xv
Introduction 1
The History and Scope of Protected Areas 7
From Antiquity to the Twentieth Century 7
A Matrix of Protected Areas 9
International Conventions 9
The World Heritage Convention (WHC) 9
The Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) 12
The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar) 14
Antarctica 15
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 16
The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) 17
Species Specific Conventions 19
Regional Conventions 21
The Regional Seas Agreements 21
The African Context 23
The European Context 24
Conclusion 26
Definitions 27
The Debate on Classification 27
International Practice and the IUCN Categories 33
Category I: Strict Nature Reserves and Wilderness Areas 33
Category II: National Parks 36
Category III: Natural Monuments 37
Category IV: Habitat/Species Management Areas 38
Category V: Multiple Use Areas 39
Category VI: Managed Resource Area 45
Conclusion 45
Values 47
The International Facilitation of the Values of Protected Areas 47
Cumulative Values 47
The Wide and Evolving Spectrum 48
Confidence Building 50
Science 51
Economic 54
Tourism 57
Values by Species, Ecosystem and Geomorphic or Physio-graphical Type 60
Endangered Species 61
Ecosystems 70
Geomorphic or Physio-graphical Areas 82
Intangible Human Values 86
Aesthetics 87
Cultural Values 90
Cultural Landscapes 93
Conclusion 95
Obligations and Gaps 97
The Impetus to Protect 97
The Obligation to Create Protected Areas 98
Marine Protected Areas 107
Transboundary Protected Areas 109
The Number of Protected Areas 111
Some International Protected Areas of Note 112
The Gaps in the System 112
Thematic Gaps 114
Marine 114
Forests 116
Mountains 119
Drylands, Arid, Semi-arid, Grassland and Savannah Ecosystems/ Dry and Semi-Humid Lands 119
Priority Areas 121
The Choice of Priority Areas 122
The Udvardy System 123
The Global 200 124
Species Focused Approaches 125
Hotspots 127
Conclusion 128
Management 131
Management Plans 131
Legal Status 137
Boundaries 139
Size 141
Buffer Zones 147
Networks and Corridors 150
Staff and Other Resources 152
Environmental Impact Assessments 157
Conclusion 165
Local Populations 167
The Paradigm Shift in Protected Area Management 167
Promotion of the Local/Traditional/Indigenous Populations 171
On-the-Ground Non-Governmental Organisations 179
Conclusion 181
Threats 183
The Integrity of a Protected Area 183
Permanent Human Populations 185
Temporary (tourist) Human Populations 186
Alien Species 191
Air Pollution and Climate Change 198
Water Supply and Large Dams 201
Mineral and/or Hydrocarbon Exploration and/or Extraction 207
Traffic and Routing 212
General Industrial Development 216
Pollution 218
Legal Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 220
Illegal Logging, Mining and Poaching 222
War 226
Conclusion 228
Compliance 231
Discovering Sites Threatened with Danger 232
Monitoring 232
Reporting 237
Independent Visits 240
Recognition of the Danger 242
Mitigating Threatened Sites 245
Automatic Review 246
Selective Review and the Question of State Consent 247
Removal of Threatened Status 257
Conclusion 263
Financial Assistance, Communication, Constituents and Final Issues 265
Financial Assistance 265
Financial Assistance from Internal Sources 266
General Mechanisms 269
Financial Assistance from External Sources 270
Education and Communication 273
Constituents and Final Issues 277
Secretariats 277
Standing Bodies 278
Non-Governmental Organisations 280
NGO's as Partners 284
NGO's within Official Forums 288
Science and Technical Bodies 290
Submission Procedures 293
The Relationship between Organisations 297
Financing the Regimes 301
Entry into Force 302
Conclusion 303
Index 311
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Add Protected Areas and International Environmental Law, This volume seeks to provide the reader with a clear understanding to the way that protected areas are created, listed and managed in international law. In doing so, it provides a complete overview of the primary international and regional conventions in , Protected Areas and International Environmental Law to the inventory that you are selling on WonderClubX
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Add Protected Areas and International Environmental Law, This volume seeks to provide the reader with a clear understanding to the way that protected areas are created, listed and managed in international law. In doing so, it provides a complete overview of the primary international and regional conventions in , Protected Areas and International Environmental Law to your collection on WonderClub |