Precision Physics of Simple Atoms and Molecules Book

Looking Through Simple Atoms and Molecules at Fundamental Physics S.G. Karshenboim 1

1 Introduction 1

References 4

Part I Precision Measurements and Fundamental Constants

The Muon g-2: Status and Perspectives F. Jegerlehner 9

1 Lepton Magnetic Moments 9

2 The BNL Muon g - 2 Experiment 12

3 Standard Model Prediction for aμ 15

3.1 The Universal QED Contribution 16

3.2 Mass-Dependent QED Contribution 17

3.3 Weak Contributions 19

3.4 Hadronic Contributions 22

4 Theory Confronting the Experiment 28

5 Prospects 30

References 32

Guide for Atomic and Particle Physicists into CODATA's Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants S. G. Karshenboim 35

1 Introduction 35

2 The Adjustment of the Fundamental Constants: A General View 36

3 The Adjustment of the Fundamental Constants: The Data 37

4 Electrical Data 38

5 Recommended Values and the 'Less Accurate' Original Results 40

6 The Fine Structure Constant α and Related Data 41

7 The Planck Constant h and Related Data 43

8 The Newtonian Constant of Gravitation 44

9 The Fundamental Constants and Their Numerical Values 45

10 Microscopic and Macroscopic Quantities 46

11 Reliability of the Input Data and the Recommended Values 47

12 Proton Properties 48

13 Muon Properties 50

14 Impact of a Redefinition of the Kilogram on Values of the Fundamental Constants 51

15 Legacy of the Adjustment of the Fundamental Constants 52

References 53

Part II Proton Structure and Hydrogen Energy Levels

Precise Radii of Light Nuclei from Electron Scattering I. Sick 57

1 Introduction 57

2 Proton Charge Radius 57

3 Radius of Magnetization Density 65

4 Zemach Moment ofProton 66

5 Effect of Two-Photon Exchange 68

6 Third Zemach Moment of Proton 69

7 Deuteron Radius 69

8 Radii of A = 3 Systems 71

9 Radius of 4He 72

10 Heavier Nuclei 73

11 Summary 74

References 75

Nucleon Form Factor Measurements in Mainz: Past and Future J. C. Bernauer 79

1 Introduction 79

2 Mainz Experiments 81

2.1 The Mainz LINAC era 81

2.2 The MAMI B era 84

2.3 The MAMI C era 87

3 Conclusion and Outlook 90

References 90

Proton Structure Corrections to Hydrogen Hyperfine Splitting C. E. Carlson 93

1 Introduction 93

2 Hyperfine Splitting Calculations 94

2.1 Elastic Terms: The Zemach Correction 95

2.2 Elastic Terms: Recoil Corrections 96

2.3 Inelastic Terms: Polarizability Corrections 98

3 Re-evaluation of δpol 101

4 Comments on the Derivations of the Formulas 103

5 Conclusion 105

References 106

Part III Atoms with Few Electrons

Precision Laser Spectroscopy of Li+ and Neutral Lithium W. A. van Wijngaarden G. A. Noble 111

1 Introduction 111

2 Background 112

3 Li+ (1s)2 3S 1s2p 3P Transition 113

4 Li D Lines 118

5 Conclusions 127

References 128

Halo Nuclei in Laser Light G. W. F. Drake Z.-T. Lu W. Nöet;rtershäet;user Z.-C. Yan 131

1 Introduction 131

2 Theory 133

2.1 Solution to the Nonrelativistic Schröet;dinger Equation for Helium 134

2.2 Variational Basis Sets for Lithium 135

2.3 Relativistic Corrections 136

2.4 QED Corrections 137

3 Theoretical Isotope Shifts 138

4 6He Isotope Shift and Nuclear Radius 141

5 Experiments in Lithium 144

5.1 Experimental Technique 145

5.2 Results 147

6 Discussion and Future Work 151

References 152

Part IV Exotic Atoms and Heavy Ions

Quantum Electrodynamics in Extreme Fields: Precision Spectroscopy of High-Z H-like Systems Th. Stöet;hlker A. Gumberidze M. Trassinelli V. Andrianov H. F. Beyer S. Kraft-Bermuth A. Bleile P. Egelhof The FOCAL collaboration 157

1 The Current Status of the Experimental and Theoretical Investigations 157

2 Next Generation Spectroscopic Experiments on High-Z H-like Ions 159

3 Conclusions 162

References 162

Pionic Hydrogen D. Gotta F. Amaro D. F. Anagnostopoulos S. Biri D. S. Covita H. Gorke A. Gruber M. Hennebach' A. Hirtl T. Ishiwatari P. Indelicato Th. Jensen' E.-O. Le Bigot J. Marton M. Nekipelov J. M. F. dos Santos S. Schlesser Ph. Schmid L. M. Simons Th. Strauch M. Trassinelli' J. F. C. A. Veloso J. Zmeskal 165

1 Introduction 165

2 Pion-Nucleon Interaction at Threshold 167

3 Scattering Lengths and Pionic Atoms 169

3.1 Pionic Hydrogen 169

3.2 Pionic Deuterium 169

4 Atomic Cascade in Pionic Hydrogen 171

5 Experimental Approach 173

5.1 Set-Up at PSI 173

5.2 Energy Calibration 175

5.3 Response Function 177

5.4 Muonic Hydrogen 178

6 Results 179

6.1 Transition Energy and Hadronic Shift 179

6.2 Line Width and Hadronic Broadening 180

6.3 Scattering Length and Pion-Nucleon Coupling Constant 181

7 Summary and Outlook 182

References 183

Precision Spectroscopy of Antiprotonic Helium Atoms and Ions - Weighing the Antiproton R. S. Hayano 187

1 Introduction 187

2 Antiprotonic Helium Atoms 189

3 Principle of the &pbar;He+ Laser Spectroscopy 190

4 Why Further &pbar; Deceleration Using an "Inverse Linac" Is Needed? 191

5 Further Improvement Using an Optical Frequency Comb 193

6 The First Measurement of a Metastable-to-Metastable Transition Frequency 197

7 Experimental Results 198

8 Summary and Outlook 199

References 200

Part V Simple Molecules

Precision Spectroscopy of Molecular Hydrogen Ions: Towards Frequency Metrology of Particle Masses B. Roth J. Koelemeji S. Schiller L. Hilico J.-P. Karr V. Korobov D. Bakalov 205

1 Introduction 205

2 Ab Initio Theory of H2+ and HD+ 207

2.1 Variational Expansion 208

2.2 Leading-Order Relativistic and Radiative Corrections 209

2.3 R&infinity;α4 Order Corrections in the Nonrecoil Limit 210

2.4 Hyperfine Structure of States 211

2.5 Two-Photon Transition Probabilities 214

3 Two-Photon Spectroscopy of H2+ 215

3.1 H2+ Level Structure 215

3.2 One-Photon Transitions: Photodissociation 216

3.3 Two-Photon Transitions: Choice of the Transition 217

3.4 Experimental Sequence 218

3.5 Experimental Setup 219

3.6 Two-Photon Excitation Laser Source 220

4 Cooling and Spectroscopy of HD+ 222

4.1 Preparation and Characterization of Cold MHI Ensembles 222

4.2 Spectroscopy of HD+ 224

5 Conclusion and Outlook 229

References 230

Nuclear Magnetic Dipole Moments from NMR Spectra - Quantum Chemistry and Experiment M. Jaszuński K. Jackowski 233

1 Introduction 233

2 NMR Shielding Constants 235

2.1 NMR Effective Spin Hamiltonian 235

2.2 Ab Initio Studies of NMR Shielding Constants 236

3 Comparison of the Gas-Phase NMR Spectra with Ab Initio Results 238

3.1 Spin-Rotation Constants 239

4 NMR Experiment in the Gas Phase 240

5 Nuclear Magnetic Moments - A General Scheme for Different Nuclei 242

6 Results and Discussion 244

6.1 NMR Shielding Constants for the First-and Second-Row Atoms 244

6.2 NMR Shielding Constants for the Third-Row and Heavier Atoms 246

7 Consistency of the New Values of Nuclear Magnetic Moments 249

7.1 New Values of the Nuclear Magnetic Dipole Moments 249

7.2 Derived Shielding Constants 250

7.3 Accuracy of the Results 253

8 Conclusions 257

References 258

The Negative Ion of Positronium: Decay Rate Measurements and Prospects for Future Experiments F. Fleischer 261

1 Introduction 261

2 A Brief Survey of the Properties of Ps- 262

2.1 Ground-State Binding Energy 262

2.2 Annihilation and Decay Rates 263

2.3 Excitation and Resonances 266

3 Experiments with the Negative Positronium Ion 268

3.1 Production of Ps- 268

3.2 Measurements of the Decay Rate 269

3.3 Outlook: Current Status of the Decay Rate Measurements and Prospects for Further Experiments 276

4 Conclusion 279

References 280

Index 283