Beyond Oil and Gas: The Methanol Economy Book

INTRODUCTION
HISTORY OF COAL IN THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND BEYOND
HISTORY OF PETROLEUM OIL AND NATURAL GAS
Oil Extraction and Exploration
Natural Gas
FOSSIL FUEL RESOURCES AND THEIR USE
Coal
Petroleum Oil
Unconventional Oil Sources
Natural Gas
Coalbed Methane
Tight Sands and Shales
Methane Hydrates
Outlook
DIMINISHING OIL AND NATURAL GAS RESERVES
THE CONTINUING NEED FOR CARBON FUELS, HYDROCARBONS AND THEIR PRODUCTS
Fractional Distillation
Thermal Cracking
FOSSIL FUELS AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Effects of Fossil Fuels on Climate Change
Mitigation
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND ATOMIC ENERGY
Introduction
Hydropower
Geothermal Energy
Wind Energy
Solar Energy: Photovoltaic and Thermal
Bioenergy
Ocean Energy: Tidal, Wave and Thermal Power
Nuclear Energy
Future Outlook
THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY AND ITS LIMITATIONS
Hydrogen and its Properties
Development of Hydrogen Energy
Production and Uses of Hydrogen
The Challenge of Hydrogen Storage
Centralized or Decentralized Distribution of Hydrogen?
Hydrogen Safety
Hydrogen as a Transportation Fuel
Fuel Cells
Outlook
THE ?METHANOL ECONOMY?: GENERAL ASPECTS
METHANOL AND DIMETHYL ETHER AS FUELS AND ENERGY CARRIERS
Background and Properties
Chemical Uses of Methanol
Methanol as a Transportation Fuel
Dimethyl Ether as a Transportation Fuel
DME Fuel for Electricity Generation and as a Household Gas
Biodiesel Fuel
Advanced Methanol-Powered Vehicles
Hydrogen for Fuel Cells Based on Methanol Reforming
Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC)
Fuel Cells Based on Other Methanol Derived Fuels and Biofuel Cells
Regenerative Fuel Cell
Methanol and DME as Marine Fuels
Methanol and DME for Static Power and Heat Generation
Methanol and DME Storage and Distribution
Price of Methanol and DME
Safety of Methanol and DME
Emissions from Methanol- and DME-Powered Vehicles
Environmental Effects of Methanol and DME
Beneficial Effect of Chemical CO2 Recycling to Methanol on Climate Change
PRODUCTION OF METHANOL: FROM FOSSIL FUELS AND BIO-SOURCES TO CHEMICAL CARBON DIOXIDE RECYCLING
Methanol from Fossil Fuels
Methanol through Methyl Formate
Methanol from Methane without Producing Syn-Gas
Methanol from Biomass, Including Cellulosic Sources
Chemical Recycling of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol
METHANOL-BASED CHEMICALS, SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBONS AND MATERIALS
Methanol-Based Chemical Products and Materials
Methyl tert-butyl Ether and DME
Methanol Conversion into Light Olefins and Synthetic Hydrocarbons
Methanol to Olefin (MTO) Processes
Methanol to Gasoline (MTG) Processes
Methanol-Based Proteins
Outlook
CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK
Where We Stand Now
The ?Methanol Economy?, a Solution for the Future