Handbook of Biomineralization: Medical and Clinical Aspects Book

Preface.

Foreword.

List of Contributors.

Part I. Bone.

1. Mineralization of Bone: An Active or Passive Process? (Thorsten Schinke and Michael Amling).

Abstract.

1.1 Physiological and Pathological Mineralization.

1.2 Inhibitors of Pathological Mineralization.

1.3 Activators of Physiological Mineralization.

1.4 The Key of Pyrophosphate.

1.5 The Mysterious Role of the Endopeptidase Phex.

1.6 Concluding Remarks.

References.

2. Bone Morphegenetic Proteins (Walter Sebald, Joachim Nickel, Alex Seher , and Thomas D. Müller).

Abstract.

2.1 Introduction.

2.2 What is a Bone Morphogenetic Protein?

2.3 BMP Receptors are Composed of Diverse Type I and Type II Receptor Chains.

2.4 The Basic Signaling Mechanism is the Same for BMPs and other TGF-β-like Proteins.

2.5 Biochemistry and Cell Biology of Receptor Specificity.

2.6 Structural Basis for Specificity and Affinity of BMP Receptor Interaction.

2.7 What We Can Do with BMPs: The Engineering of BMP-2 and GDF-5 Variants.

References.

3. Biomechanics of Bones: Modeling and Computation of Bone Remodeling (Udo Nackenhorst).

Abstract.

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 The Biomechanical Equilibrium Approach.

3.3 A Computational Multi-Scale Approach for Cortical Bone.

3.4 Conclusions.

References.

4. Direct X-Ray Scattering Measurement of Internal Stresses and Strains in Loaded Bones (Stuart R. Stock and Jonathan D. Almer).

Abstract.

4.1 Introdcution.

4.2 Bacground.

4.3 Methods.

4.4 Examples’ of Data and Analysis.

4.5 Discussion and Future Directions.

References.

5. Osteoporosis and Osteopetrosis (Adele L. Boskey).

Abstract.

5.1 Introduction: Two Distinct Diseases with Common Features.

5.2 Animal Models of Osteoporosis and Osteopetrosis.

5.3 The Cellular and Molecular Bases of Osteopetrosis and Osteoporosis.

5.4 Biomineralization on Osteopetrosis and Osteoporosis.

References.

6. Biomimetic Bone Substitution Materials (Matthias Epple).

Abstract.

6.1 The Clinica; Need for Bone Substitution Materials.

6.2 Synthetic Materials Used for Bone Substitution.

6.3 Ceramics and Bone Cements.

6.4 Polymers.

6.5 Metals.

6.6 Composites.

6.7 Bone Substitutes of Biological Origin.

6.8 Biological Functionalization of Synthetic Bone Substitution Materials.

6.9 An Example of a Synthetic Biomimetic Bone Substitution Material.

6.10 Conclusions and Future Developments.

References.

7. Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) as a standard Tool to Test the Bioactivity of Implants (Tadashi Kokubo and Hiroaki Takadama).

Abstract.

7.1 Introduction.

7.2 Qualitative Correlation of Bone-Bonding Bioactivity of a Material with Apatite Formation in its Surface in SBF.

7.3 Quantitative Correlation of Bone-Bonding Bioactivity and Apatite-Forming Ability in SBF.

7.4 Ion Concentrations of SBF.

7.5 Materials Able to Form Apatite.

7.6 Composition and Structure of Apatite.

7.7 Mechanism of Bonding of Bioactive Material to Bone.

7.8 Mechanisms of Apatite Formation.

7.9 Summary.

References.

8. Stimulation of Bone Growth on Implants by Integrin Ligands (Mónica López-García and Horst Kessler).

Abstract.

8.1 Introduction.

8.2 Improvements in Implant-Osseointegration by Surface Modification with Integrin Ligands.

8.3 Conclusions.

References.

9. Biochemical and Pathological Responses of Cells and Tissue to Micro- and Nanoparticles from Titanium and other Materials (Fumio Watari, Kazuchika Tamura, Atsruro Yokoyama, Kenichiro Shibata, Tsukasa Akasaka, Bunshi Fugetsu, Kiyotaka Asakura, Motohiro Uo, Yasunori Totsuka, Yoshinori Sato, and Kazuyuki Tohji).

Abstract.

9.1 Introduction.

9.2 Materials and Methods.

9.3 Results.

9.4 Discussion.

References.

10. Tissue Engineering of Bone (Hans-Peter Wiesmann, Beate Lüttenberg, and Ulrich Meyer).

Abstract.

10.1 Tissue Engineering: What Does it Mean?

10.2 Components of Bone Tissue Engineering.

10.3 Bone Biomineralization in Tissue Engineering Ex Vivo and In Vivo

10.4 Clinical Demands.

10.5 Future Aspects.

References.

Part II. Teeth.

11. Formation of Teeth (Katharina Reichenmiller and Christian Klein).

Abstract.

11.1 Introduction.

11.2 Odontogenesis.

11.3 Dentinogenesis.

11.4 Amelogenesis.

11.5 Cementogenesis.

11.6 Acknowledgments.

References.

12. The Structure of Teeth: Human Enamel Crystal Structure (Frédéric Cuisinier and Colin Robinson).

Abstract.

12.1 Introduction.

12.2 HRTEM Observations.

12.3 AFM Observations.

12.4 Discussion.

12.5 Conclusions.

References.

13. Design Strategies of Human Teeth: Biomechanical Adaptations (Paul Zaslansky and Steve Weiner).

Abstract.

13.1 Introduction.

13.2 Deformation of Whole Teeth under Load.

13.3 Mechanical Behavior of the Enamel Cap.

13.4 The Role of Crown Dentin During Load Bearing.

13.5 The Role of the Root and Supporting Structures.

13. 6 Broader Implications and Conclusions.

References.

14. Clinical Aspects of Tooth Diseases and their Treatment (Peter Gängler and Wolfgang H. Arnold).

Abstract.

14.1 Introduction.

14.2 Tooth Development and Developmental Anomalies.

14.3 Dental Caries.

14.4 Periodontal Diseases.

14.5 Dental Trauma.

References.

15. Dental Caries: Quantifying Mineral Changes (Susan m. Higham and Philip W. Smith).

Abstract.

15.1 Introduction.

15.2 Enamel Caries.

15.3 Dentine Caries.

15.4 Analyzing Mineral Changes in Dental Caries.

15.5 Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence.

References.

16. Periodontal Regeneration (Hom-Lay Wang and Lakshmi Boyapati).

Abstract.

16.1 Definitions.

16.2 Periodontal Wound Healing.

16.3 Techniques Used for Regeneration.

16.4 Factors Influencing GTR Success.

16.5 Surgical Principles.

16.6 Conclusions.

References.

17. Tissue Engineering of Teeth (Misako Nakashima).

Abstract.

17.1 Introduction.

17.2 The Triad.

17.3 Dentin Regeneration.

17.4 Pulp Regeneration.

17.5 Whole-Teeth Regeneration.

17.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives.

References.

Part III. Pathological Calcifications.

18. Aspects of Pathological Calcifications (Inge Schmitz).

Abstract.

18.1 Introduction.

18.2 Heterotopic Ossification.

18.3 Vascular Calcifications: Arteriosclerosis.

18.4 Calcification of Synthetic Vascular Grafts.

18.5 Conclusions.

References.

19. Atherosclerosis Cellular Aspects (Diane Proudfoot and Catherine M. Shanahan).

Abstract.

19.1 Introduction.

19.2 Role of VSMCs in Vascular Calcification.

19.3 Role of Inflammatory Cells.

19.4 The Role of Osteoclasts: Is there a Psooibility for Calcification-Regression?

19.5 Conclusions.

References.

20. The Biological and Cellular Role of Fetuin Family Proteins in Biomineralization (Cora Schäfer and Willi Jahnen-Dechent).

Abstract.

20.1 Osteogenesis and Bone Mineralization versus Calcification.

20.2 α₂-HS Glycoprotein/Fetuin-A is a Systemic Inhibitor of Ectopic Calcification.

20.3 The Mechanism of Fetuin-A Inhibition of Calcification.

20.4 The Fate of Calciprotein Particles.

References.

21. Stone Formation (Pierfrancesco Bassi).

Abstract.

21.1 Urinary Stones.

21.2 Other Urological Stones: Testicular Microlithiasis.

21.3 Biliary and Gallbladder Stones.

21.4 Miscellaneous Stones.

References.

22. Ectopic Mineralization: New Concepts in Etiology and Regulation (Cecilia M. Giachelli).

Abstract.

22.1 Introduction.

22.2 Regulators of Ectopic Mineralization.

22.3 Conclusions and Implications for Therapeutic Control of Ectopic Mineralization.

References.

23. Pathological Calcification of Heart Valve Bioprostheses (Brigit Glasmacher and Martin Krings).

Abstract.

23.1 Introduction.

23.2 In-Vitro Calcification Models.

23.3 Heart Valve Bioprostheses.

23.4 Calcification Hypotheses and Study Design.

23.5 Calcification Imaging Methods.

23.6 Calcification Patterns.

23.7 Description of Findings.

23.8 Conclusions and Future Research.

References.

24. The Biomaterials Network (Biomat.net) as a Major Internet Resource for Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering and Biomineralization (Pedro L. Granja, José Paulo Pereira and Mário A. Barbosa).

Abstract.

24.1 The Internet as Major Healthcare Resource.

24.2 Impact of Biomaterials Science in Modern Society.

24.3 Biomat.net as a Biomineralization Resource.

24.4 The Biomaterials Network (Biomat.net).

References.

Index.