Handbook of Biomineralization: Biological Aspects and Structure Formation Book

Foreword: The Enigma of Morphogenesis – A Personal View.

Preface.

List of Contributors.

1 Growth and Form: What is the Aim of Biomineralization (Edmund Bäuerlein)?

1.1 Introduction.

1.2 Notions of D’Arcy Thompson on Deposition of Inorganic Material in Cells.

1.3 Close to the Beginning of Biomineralization.

1.4 Nucleation of Inorganic Crystals and Inorganic Amorphous/Porous Forms on Peptides.

1.5 Bacterial Filaments in the Advent of Biomineralization: Cytoskeleton-Like Proteins and Exopolysaccharides.

1.6 Proteins of Similar Function and/or Structure, but Low Sequence Homonology: Typical in Biomineralization.

1.7 Composites: Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Materials.

1.8 Finite Element Analysis and Conclusion.

References.

I Silica-Hydrated Polyslicondioxide.

2 Collagen: A Huge Matrix in Glass Sponge Flexible Spicules of the Meter-Long Hyalonema sieboldi (Hermann Ehrlich and Hartmut Worch).

2.1 Introduction.

2.2 A Modern Approach to Desilicification of Spicules in Glass Sponges.

2.3 Glass Sponge Collagen.

2.4 Collagen as a Unified Template for Biomineralization.

2.5 Collagen-Silica-Based Biomaterials.

2.6 Open Questions.

References.

3 Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics of Silica Biomineralization in Diatoms (Nils Kröger and Nicole Poulsen).

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 The Cell Biology of Diatom Silica Formation.

3.3 Thalassiosira pseudonana as a Model Organism.

References.

4 Formation of Siliceous Spicules in Demosponges: Example Suberites domuncula (Weiner E. G. Müller, Xiaohong Wang, Sergey I. Belikov, Wolfgang Tremel, Ute Schloßmacher, Antonino Natoli, David Brandt, Alexandra Boreiko, Muhammad Nawaz Tahir, Isabel M. Müller, and Heinz C Schröder).

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Early Descriptions.

4.3 Structural Features of the Sponge Body Plan.

4.4 Cells Involved in Spicule Formation.

4.5 Anabolic Enzyme for the Synthesis of Silica: Silicatein.

4.6 Silicatein-Associated Proteins.

4.7 Catabolic Enzyme Silicase.

4.8 Morphology and Synthesis of Spicules in S. domuncula.

4.9 Formation of Spicule Morphology.

4.10 Phases of Silica Deposition during Spicule Formation.

4.11 Final Remarks.

References.

5 Interactions between Biomineralization and Function of Diatom Frustules (Christian Hamm).

5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Approaches to Study Biominerals.

5.3 Evolution and Diatom Shells.

5.4 Biomechanics and Diatoms.

5.5 The Effect of Evolutionary Feedback on Biomineralization.

5.6 Conclusions.

References.

6 The Evolution of the Diatoms (Wiebe H. C. F. Kooistra).

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 The Silica Cell Walls of the Diatoms.

6.3 Phylogenies.

6.4 The Diatom Fossil Record.

6.5 The Origin and Evolution of the Diatom Frustule.

6.6 Paleo-Ecology and Diatom Evolution.

References.

7 Uptake of Silicon in Different Plant Species (Jian Feng Ma).

7.1 Silicon in Plants.

7.2 Beneficial Effects of Silicon on Plant Growth.

7.3 Uptake Systems of Si in Different Plant Species.

7.4 Genes Involved in Si Uptake.

References.

II Iron Sulfides and Oxides

8 Magnetic Microstructure of Magnetotactic Bacteria (Richard B Frankel, Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski, Mihály Pósfai, and Dennis A Bazylinski).

8.1 Introduction.

8.2 Experimental Measurement of the Magnetic Microstructure of Magnetosomes.

8.3 Conclusions.

References.

9 Genetic and Biochemical Analysis of Magnetosome Formation in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense (Christian Jogler and Dirk Schüler).

9.1 Introduction.

9.2 Genetics of Magnetosome Formation.

9.3 Magnetosome-Associated Proteins.

9.4 Mechanism of Magnetosome Formation and Magnetite Biomineralization.

References.

10 Physical and Chemical Principles of Magnetosensation in Biology (Michael Winklhofer and Thorsten Ritz).

10.1 Introduction.

10.2 A Biochemical Compass Mechanism.

10.3 Biogenic Magnetite as a Basis of Magnetoreception.

10.4 Conclusions.

References.

III Calcium Carbonates and Sulfates.

11 The Morphogenesis and Biomineralization of the Sea Urchin Larval Skeleton (Fred H. Wilt and Charles A Ettensohn).

11.1 Introduction.

11.2 Developmental Aspects of Sea Urchin Biomineralization.

11.3 The Composition and Formation of the Skeletal Spicule.

11.4 Generalizations about Biomineralization of Calcium Carbonates.

References.

12 Regulation of Coccolith Calcification In Pleurochrysis carterae (Mary E. Marsh).

12.1 Introduction.

12.2 Pleurochrysis Coccolith Structure.

12.3 Pleurochrysis Coccolith Formation.

12.4 Identifying Other Regulatory Elements in Coccolith Mineralization.

12.5 The Non-Mineralizing Phases of Pleurochrysis and Other Coccolithophores.

12.6 Coccolith Calcification and the Ocean Carbon Cycle.

References.

13 Molecular Approaches to Emiliana huxleyi Coccolith Formation (Betsy A. Read and Thomas M. Wahlund).

13.1 Introduction.

13.2 Cellular Physiology of Biomineralization.

13.3 Traditional Biochemical Approaches.

13.4 Genomics.

13.5 Functional Genomics.

13.6 Future Directions and Approaches.

References.

14 Organic Matrix and Biomineralization of Scleractinian Corals (Sylvie Tambutté, Eric Tambutté, Didier Zoccola, and Denis Allemand).

14.1 Introduction.

14.2 Coral Anatomy and Histology.

14.3 The Proportion of the Organic Matrix in the Skeleton.

14.4 The Relationship between the Organic Matrix and Calcification.

14.5 The Composition of the Organic Matrix.

14.6 Localization of Organic Matrix Synthesis.

14.7 The Role of Zooxanthellae and Heterotrophic Feeding in Organic Matrix Synthesis.

14.8 Characterization of Organic Matrix Proteins.

14.9 Comparative Studies between Organic Matrix Proteins from Different Organisms.

14.10 Organic Matrix and Skeleton Microarchitecture.

14.11 Organic Matrix and Its Implications for Paleo-/Geo-Chemistry and Diagenesis.

14.12 Conclusions.

References.

15 Statoliths of Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate are used for Gravity Sensing in Rhopaliophoran Medusae (Cnidaria) (Fabienne Boßelmann, Matthias Epple, Ilka Sötje, and Henry Tiemann).

15.1 Diversity of Alkaline Earth Sulfates in Organisms and Nature.

15.2 Morphology of Rhopalia, Statoliths, and their Function.

15.3 Examination of Statoliths.

15.4 Formation and Growth of Statoliths.

15.5 Occurrence of Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate in the Different Taxa with Phylogenetic Aspects.

References.

16 Unusually Acidic Proteins in Biomineralization (Frédéric Marin and Gilles Luquet).

16.1 Introduction: Unusually Acidic Proteins and the History of their Discovery.

16.2 What Makes a Protein Unusually Acidic?

16.3 Biochemical Techniques for Studying Unusually Acidic Proteins.

16.4 Interactions of Acidic Proteins with Calcium Carbonate Crystals and Organo-Mineral Models.

16.5 Occurrence of Unusually Acidic Proteins in Selected Metazoan CaCO₃- Mineralizing Phyla.

16.6 Concluding Remarks.

References.

17 Fish Otolith Calcification in Relation to Endolymph Chemistry (Denis Allemand, Nicole Mayer-Gostan, Hélène de Pontual, Gilles Boeuf, and Patrick Payan).

17.1 Introduction.

17.2 Basic Calcification Principles as Applied to Fish Otoliths.

17.3 The Fish Endolymph: a Complex Heterogeneous Medium.

17.4 Are Levels of Calcifying Parameters in Endolymph Associated with Otolith Growth?

17.5 Questions and Future Research Directions.

References.

18 Eggshell Growth and Matrix Macromolecules (José Luis Arias, Karlheinz Mann, Yves Nys, Juan Manuel Garcia Ruiz, and Maria Soledad Fernández).

18.1 Introduction.

18.2 Eggshell Structure and Formation.

18.3 Crystalline Structure of the Eggshell.

18.4 Eggshell Organic Matrix Components and Their Localization.

18.5 The Unique Eggshell Organic Components.

18.6 A Proteomic Inventory of the Chicken Calcified Eggshell Matrix.

18.7 Role of the Organic Components in Eggshell Mineralization.

References.

IV Calcium Phosphates.

19 Genetic Basis for the Evolution of Vertebrate Mineralized Tissue (Kazuhiko Kowasaki and Kenneth M. Weiss).

19.1 Introduction.

19.2 Dental Tissue Mineralization.

19.3 Matrix Proteins of Dental Tissues.

19.4 Mammalian SCPP Genes.

19.5 Chicken and Frog SCPP Genes.

19.6 Teleost SCPP Genes.

19.7 The Origin of the SCPP Family.

19.8 The Function of SCPPs and Intrinsic Disorder.

19.9 Conclusions.

References.

20 Skeletogenesis in Zebrafish Embryos (Danio rerio) (Shao-Jun Du).

20.1 Introduction.

20.2 Craniofacial Skeleton.

20.3 The Axial Skeleton.

20.4 Fin Skeleton.

20.5 Summary.

References.

21 The Application of Synchrotron Radiation-Based Micro-Computer Tomography in Biomineralization (Frank Neues, Felix Beckmann, Andreas Ziegler, and Matthias Epple).

21.1 Synchrotron Radiation-Based Micro-Computer Tomography (SRµCT).

21.2 SRµCT applied to Bones and Teeth of the Zebrafish (Danio rerio).

21.3 SRµCT applied to the Cuticle of P. scaber.

21.4 Summary.

References.

22 Mechanical and Structural Properties of Skeletal Bone in Wild-Type and Mutant Zebrafish (Danio rerio) (Fuzhai Cui and Xiumei Wang).

22.1 Introduction.

22.2 The Potential of Zebrafish as a Model for Bone Mineralization.

22.3 Hierarchical Structural Comparisons of Bones from Wild-Type and liliput^dtc232 (lil) Gene-Mutated Zebrafish.

22.4 Variation of Nanomechanical Properties of Bone by Gene Mutation in the Zebrafish.

22.5 Conclusion.

References.

23 Nanoscale Mechanisms of Bone Deformation and Fracture (Peter Fratzl and Himadri S Gupta).

23.1 The Hierarchical Structure of Bone.

23.2 Structural Design of Bone at the Nanoscale.

23.3 The Lamellar Organization of Bone.

23.4 Bone Deformation at the Nanoscale.

References.

24 Formation and Structure of Calciprotein Particles: The Calcium Phosphate-Ahsg/Fetuin-A Interface (Alexander Heiss and Dietmar Schwahn).

24.1 The Protein-Mineral Interface.

24.2 Small-Angle Neutron-Scattering Studies.

24.3 Calciprotein Particle Formation and Transformation.

24.4 Conclusions.

References.

Index.