Engineering the Genetic Code Expanding the Amino Acid Repertoire for the Design of Novel Pro... Book

INTRODUCTION Classical Approaches for Protein Modification Protein Total Synthesis Basic Definitions and Taxonomy HISTORY OF AN EXPANDED AMINO ACID REPERTOIRE Cell-free Synthesis of Proteins Noncanonical Amino Acids as Tools for Studying Metabolism Genetic Code Engineering BASIC FEATURES OF THE CELLULAR TRANSLATION APPARATUS Ribosome-mediated Protein Synthesis tRNAs and tRNA Synthetases Translational Proofreading Ribosomal Decoding, Codon Bias and Translational Fidelity Context-dependent Recoding Post-translational Modifications GENETIC CODE ORGANISATION AND PROTEIN STRUCTURE The Universal Genetic Code Natural Variations in Codon Assignment Codon Reassignment and Codon Ambiguity REPROGRAMMING THE CELLULAR TRANSLATION MACHINERY Enzyme Specificity and Code Interpretation Reassigning Coding and Non-Coding Units In vitro Chemical and Enzymatic tRNA Aminoacylation Novel Codon-Anticodon Base Pairs Stop Codon Takover Suppression-Based Methods Future Approaches IMPLICATIONS AND INSIGHTS Evolution of the Amino Acid Repertoire Artificial Genetic Systems De novo Design of Organisms Chances and Risks APPLICATIONS FOR REPROGRAMMED CELLULAR TRANSLATION Genetically Encoded Protein Surface Diversity Applications in Structural Biology Atomic Mutations Protein Folding, Stability and Design Tailoring Protein Spectroscopy Protein-based Sensors Applications in Biomedicine Noncanonical Amino Acids with Neurological Activity