Handbook of Pulp Book

Preface.

List of Contributors.

List of Abbreviations.

Volume 1.

Part I: Chemical Pulping.

1 Introduction (Herbert Sixta).

1.1 Introduction.

1.2 The History of Papermaking.

1.3 Technology, End-uses, and the Market Situation.

1.4 Recovered Paper and Recycled Fibers.

1.5 Outlook.

2 Raw Material for Pulp (Gerald Koch).

2.1 Wood.

2.2 Outlook.

3 Wood Yard Operations (Jörg B. Ressel).

3.1 Raw Material Storage.

3.2 Debarking.

3.3 Chipping and Screening.

3.4 Chip screening.

3.5 Process Control and Automation.

3.6 Transport and Handling Systems.

4 Chemical Pulping Processes (Herbert Sixta, Antje Potthast, Andreas W. Krotschek).

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Kraft Pulping Processes.

4.3 Sulfite Chemical Pulping (Herbert Sixta).

5 Pulp Washing (Andreas W. Krotscheck).

5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Pulp Washing Theory.

5.3 Principles of Washing.

5.4 Washing Parameters.

5.5 Washing Efficiency.

5.6 Washing Equipment.

6 Pulp Screening, Cleaning, and Fractionation (Andreas W. Krotscheck).

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 Screening Theory.

6.3 Screening Parameters.

6.4 Centrifugal Cleaning Theory.

6.5 Centrifugal Cleaning Parameters.

6.6 Separation Efficiency.

6.7 Screening and Cleaning Applications.

6.8 Systems for Contaminant Removal and Fractionation.

6.9 Screening and Cleaning Equipment.

Volume 2.

7 Pulp Bleaching (Herbert Sixta, Hans-Ullrich Süss, Antje Potthast, Manfred Schwanninger, and Andreas W. Krotscheck).

7.1 General Principles.

7.2 Classification of Bleaching Chemicals.

7.2 Bleaching Operations and Equipment (Andreas W. Krotscheck).

7.3 Oxygen Delignification.

7.4 Chlorine Dioxide Bleaching.

7.5 Ozone Delignification.

7.6 Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching (Hans-Ullrich Süss).

7.7 Peracetic Acid in Pulp Bleaching.

7.8 Hot Acid Hydrolysis.

7.9 Alternative Bleaching Methods.

7.10 Bleach Plant Liquor Circulation (Andreas W. Krotscheck).

8 Pulp Purification (Herbert Sixta).

8.1 Introduction.

8.2 Reactions between Pulp Constituents and Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide Solution.

8.3 Cold Caustic Extraction.

8.4 Hot Caustic Extraction.

9 Recovery (Andreas W. Krotscheck and Herbert Sixta).

9.1 Characterization of Black Liquors.

9.2 Chemical Recovery Processes.

10 Environmental Aspects of Pulp Production (Hans-Ulrich Süss).

10.1 Introduction.

10.2 A Glimpse of the Historical Development.

10.3 Emissions to the Atmosphere.

10.4 Emissions to the Aquatic Environment.

10.5 Solid Waste.

10.6 Outlook.

11 Pulp Properties and Applications (Herbert Sixta).

11.1 Introduction.

11.2 Paper-Grade Pulp.

11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp.

II Mechanical Pulping (Jürgen Blechschmidt, Sabine Heinemann, and Hans-Ulrich Süss).

1 Introduction (Jürgen Blechschmidt and Sabine Heinemann).

2 A Short History of Mechanical Pulping (Jürgen Blechschmidt and Sabine Heinemann).

3 Raw Materials for Mechanical Pulp (Jürgen Blechschmidt and Sabine Heinemann).

3.1 Wood Quality.

3.2 Processing of Wood.

4 Mechanical Pulping Processes (Jürgen Blechschmidt and Sabine Heinemann).

4.1 Grinding Processes.

4.2 Refiner Processes.

5 Processing of Mechanical Pulp and Reject Handling: Screening and Cleaning (Jürgen Blechschmidt and Sabine Heinemann).

5.1 Basic Principles and Parameters.

5.2 Machines and Aggregates for Screening and Cleaning.

5.3 Reject Treatment and Heat Recovery.

6 Bleaching of Mechanical Pulp (Hans-Ulrich Süss).

6.1 Bleaching with Dithionite.

6.2 Bleaching with Hydrogen Peroxide.

6.3 Technology of Mechanical Pulp Bleaching.

7 Latency and Properties of Mechanical Pulp (Jürgen Blechschmidt and Sabine Heinemann).

7.1 Latency of Mechanical Pulp.

7.2 Properties of Mechanical Pulp.

III Recovered Paper and Recycled Fibers (Hans-Joachim Putz).

1 Introduction.

2 Relevance of Recycled Fibers as Paper Raw Material.

3 Recovered Paper Grades.

3.1 Europe.

3.2 North America and Japan.

4 Basic Statistics.

4.1 Utilization Rate.

4.2 Recovery Rate.

4.3 Recycling Rate.

4.4 Deinked Pulp Capacities.

4.5 Future Development of the Use of Recovered Paper.

5 Collection of Recovered Paper.

5.1 Pre-Consumer Recovered Paper.

5.2 Post-Consumer Recovered Paper.

5.3 Efficiency of Different Collection Systems.

5.4 Municipal Solid Waste.

6 Sources of Recovered Paper.

7 Sorting, Handling, and Storage of Recovered Paper.

7.1 Sorting.

7.2 Handling.

7.3 Storage.

8 Legislation for the Use of Recycled Fibers.

8.1 Europe.

8.2 United States of America.

8.3 Japan.

Appendix: European List of Standard Grades of Recovered Paper and Board (February, 1999).

IV Analytical Characterization of Pulps (Erich Gruber).

1 Fundamentals of Quality Control Procedures.

1.1 The Role of QC.

1.2 Basics of QC-statistics.

1.3 Sampling.

1.4 Conditions for Testing and/or Conditioning.

1.5 Disintegration.

2 Determination of Low Molecular-Weight Components.

2.1 Moisture.

2.2 Inorganic Components.

2.3 Extractives.

2.4 Chlorine Compounds.

3 Macromolecular Composition.

3.1 Lignin Content.

3.2 Extent of Delignification.

3.3 Alkali Resistance and Solubility.

3.4 Composition of Polysaccharides.

3.5 Functional Groups.

3.6 Degree of Polymerization (Molecular Mass).

4 Characterization of Supermolecular Structures.

4.1 Crystallinity.

4.2 Accessibility, Voids, and Pores.

4.3 Water and Solvent Retention.

5 Fiber Properties.

5.1 Identification of Fibers.

5.2 Fiber Dimensions.

5.3 Mechanical Properties.

5.4 Optical Properties of Laboratory Sheets.

6 Papermaking Properties of Pulps.

6.1 Beating.

6.2 Drainage Resistance.

6.3 Drainage (Dewatering) Time.

6.4 Aging.

Index.