Ozonation of Water and Waste Water : A Practical Guide to Understanding Ozone and its Application Book

Preface.

List of Contributors.

Introduction.

Part A: Ozone in Overview.

1 Toxicology.

1.1 Background.

1.2 Ozone in Gas.

1.3 Ozone in Liquid.

1.4 Byproducts.

2 Reaction Mechanism.

2.1 Ozonation.

2.1.1 Indirect Reaction.

2.1.2 Direct Reaction.

2.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP).

3 Full-Scale Applications.

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 Ozonation in Drinking Water Treatment.

3.2.1 Disinfection.

3.2.2 Oxidation of Inorganic Compounds.

3.2.3 Oxidation of Organic Compounds.

3.2.4 Particle Removal Processes.

3.3 Ozonation in Waste Water Treatment.

3.3.1 Disinfection.

3.3.2 Oxidation of Inorganic Compounds.

3.3.3 Oxidation of Organic Compounds.

3.3.4 Particle Removal Processes.

3.4 Economical Aspects of Ozonation.

Part B: Ozone Applied.

1 Experimental Design.

1.1 Parameters that Influence Ozonation.

1.2 Experimental Design Process.

1.3 Ozone Data Sheet.

2 Experimental Equipment and Analytical Methods.

2.1 Materials in Contact with Ozone.

2.1.1 Materials in Pilot- or Full-scale Applications.

2.1.2 Materials in Lab-Scale Experiments.

2.2 Ozone Generation.

2.2.1 Electrical Discharge Ozone Generators (EDOGs).

2.2.2 Electrolytic Ozone Generators (ELOGs).

2.3 Reactors Used for Ozonation.

2.3.1 Directly Gassed Reactors.

2.3.2 Indirectly and Non-Gassed Reactors.

2.3.3 Types of Gas Diffusers.

2.3.4 Mode of Operation.

2.4 Ozone Measurement.

2.4.1 Methods.

2.4.2 Practical Aspects of Ozone Measurement.

2.5 Safety Aspects.

2.5.1 Vent Ozone Gas Destruction.

2.5.2 Ambient Air Ozone Monitoring.

2.6 Common Questions, Problems and Pitfalls.

3 MassTransfer.

3.1 Theory of Mass Transfer.

3.1.1 Mass Transfer in One Phase.

3.1.2 Mass Transfer Between Two Phases.

3.1.3 Equilibrium Concentration for Ozone.

3.1.4 Two-Film Theory.

3.2 Parameters that Influence Mass Transfer.

3.2.1 Mass Transfer with Simultaneous Chemical Reactions.

3.2.2 Predicting the Mass Transfer Coefficient.

3.2.3 Influence of (Waste-)Water Constituents on Mass Transfer.

3.3 Determination of Mass Transfer Coefficients.

3.3.1 Nonsteady State Methods without Mass Transfer Enhancement.

3.3.2 Steady State Methods without Mass Transfer Enhancement.

3.3.3 Methods with Mass Transfer Enhancement.

3.3.4 Indirect Determination of Ozone Mass Transfer Coefficients.

4 Reaction Kinetics.

4.1 Background.

4.2 Reaction Order.

4.3 Reaction Rate Constants.

4.4 Parameters that Influence the Reaction Rate.

4.4.1 Concentration of Oxidants.

4.4.2 Temperature Dependency.

4.4.3 Influence of pH.

4.4.4 Influence of Inorganic Carbon.

4.4.5 Influence of Organic Carbon on the Radical Chain Reaction Mechanism.

5 Modeling of Ozonation Processes.

5.1 Chemical Model of Oxidation.

5.2 Modeling of Drinking Water Oxidation.

5.2.1 Model Based on the Rate Equation and Experimental Data.

5.2.2 Model Based on Reaction Mechanisms.

5.2.3 Semi-Empirical Model Based on the Mass Balance.

5.2.4 Empirical Radical Initiating Rate.

5.2.5 Empirical Selectivity for Scavengers.

5.2.6 Summary of Chemical Models for Drinking Water.

5.2.7 Models Including Physical Processes.

5.3 Modeling of Waste Water Oxidation.

5.3.1 Chemical and Physical Models Based on Reaction Mechanisms and Mass Balances.

5.3.2 Empirical Models.

5.3.3 Summary.

5.4 Final Comments on Modeling.

6 Application of Ozone in Combined Processes.

6.1 Applications in the Semiconductor Industry.

6.1.1 Principles and Goals.

6.1.2 Existing Processes for Cleaning.

6.1.3 Process and/or Experimental Design.

6.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes.

6.2.1 Principles and Goals.

6.2.2 Existing Processes.

6.2.3 Experimental Design.

6.3 Three-Phase Systems.

6.3.1 Principles and Goals.

6.3.2 Existing Processes.

6.3.3 Experimental Design.

6.4 Ozonation and Biodegradation.

6.4.1 Principles and Goals.

6.4.2 Existing Processes.

6.4.3 Experimental Design.

Glossary.

Index.