Physics of Radiology Book

	Preface	ix
	Acknowledgments	xi
	Chapter Coauthors	xiii
I	Introduction
1	Introduction to Medical Imaging	1
2	Sketches of the Imaging Modalities	9
3	X-Ray Imaging I: Overview of Film Radiography	21
Appendix	The Role of Medical Physics in an Imaging Department	38
II	Scientific and Technical Basis
	Radiation and Matter
4	Mass, Motion, and Force	45
Appendix	Functions	53
5	Electric Fields and Accelerating Electrons	56
6	Magnetic Fields and Electromagnetic Waves	63
Appendix	Periodic Functions	69
7	The Inviolate Rule of Energy Conservation	73
8	Atoms and Photons	82
9	Matter: Gases and Liquids, Metals, Superconductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors	93
10	Resistors, Transistors, and All That: An Introduction to Electronic Circuits	103
Appendix	Exponential and Logarithmic Functions	110
	Scientific Foundations for the Various Modalities
11	Ultrasound Imaging I: Reflections of Acoustic Waves in Elastic Tissues	114
12	Magnetic Resonance Imaging I: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Stable Hydrogen Nuclei in the Water Molecules of Tissues	128
13	Gamma Ray Imaging I: Harnessing Radioactive Decay	139
Appendix	Derivatives of Functions	148
14	X-Ray Imaging II: Interaction of High-Energy Photons with Atomic Electrons	152
Appendix	Probability	171
15	Radiation Dose I: The Detection and Quantification of Ionizing Radiation	174
16	X-Ray Imaging III: Mapping Images on Film	190
17	A Synthesis: Radioactive Decay, X-Ray Beam Attenuation, Nuclear Spin Relaxation, Cell Killing with Radiation, and Other Poisson Processes	197
	Analog and Digital Image Information
18	Image Quality: Contrast, Resolution, and Noise-Primary Determinants of the Diagnostic Utility of an Image	204
Appendix	Statistics	212
19	Measures of Image Quality and of Imaging System Capabilities: MTF, LSF, DQE, ETC	216
20	The Psychophysics of Optical Images	230
21	Vacuum Tube and Solid-State Optical Cameras and Displays	242
22	Digital Representation of an Image	253
Appendix	Computer Basics and a Bit about Bytes	266
23	PACS, IMACS, and the Integrated Digital Department	271
III	Analog Radiographic and Fluoroscopic Imaging
	X-Ray Imaging IV: Creation of an X-Ray Beam
24	The Nuts and Bolts of Generators	279
25	Design of an X-Ray Tube	286
26	Transforming Electron Kinetic Energy into Bremsstrahlung and Characteristic X-Ray Energy	297
	X-Ray Imaging V: Capturing the X-Ray Image on Film
27	Creating the Primary X-Ray Image within the Body	305
28	Scatter Radiation, Grids, Gaps, and Contrast	311
29	Capturing the Primary X-Ray Image with Cassette and Film	320
30	Resolution and Magnification	333
31	Optimal Technique Factors	341
32	Radiographic Quality Assurance	346
33	Screen-Film Mammography	352
34	Some Infrequently Used Screen-Film Techniques	366
	X-Ray Imaging VI: Fluoroscopy
35	Following Time-Dependent Processes with Fluoroscopy	371
IV	Digital Imaging
	X-Ray Imaging VII: Digital X-Ray Imaging
36	Digital Radiography, Computed Radiography, and Flat-Panel X-Ray Technology	385
37	Digital Fluoroscopy and Digital Subtraction Angiography	392
38	Computed Tomography I: Creating a Map of CT Numbers	399
39	Computed Tomography II: Image Reconstruction, Image Quality, and Dose	408
40	Computed Tomography III: Spiral and Multi-Slice Scanning	416
	Gamma Ray Imaging
41	Gamma Ray Imaging II: Radiopharmaceuticals	422
Appendix	Radioactive Transformations	427
42	Gamma Ray Imaging III: Image Production, Image Quality, and Dose	433
43	Gamma Ray Imaging IV: Nuclear Cardiology, SPECT, and PET	442
	Magnetic Resonance Imaging
44	Magnetic Resonance Imaging II: The Classical View of NMR	450
45	Magnetic Resonance Imaging III: Relaxation Times (T1 and T2), Pulse Sequences, and Contrast	460
46	Magnetic Resonance Imaging IV: Image Reconstruction and Image Quality	471
47	Magnetic Resonance Imaging V: Fast, Flow, and Functional Imaging	483
48	Magnetic Resonance Imaging VI: Biological Effects and Safety	488
	Ultrasound Imaging
49	Ultrasound Imaging II: Creating the Beam	490
50	Ultrasound Imaging III: Image Production and Image Quality	496
51	Ultrasound Imaging IV: Biological Effects and Safety	508
	Experimental and Future Imaging Technologies
52	Evolving and Experimental Technologies in Medical Imaging	511
V	Radiation Dose, Biological Effects, Risk, and Radiation Safety
	Ionizing Radiation Dose, Biological Effects, and Risk
53	Radiation Dose II: Determining Organ Doses from Exposure Measurements	525
54	Radiation Dose III: The Tissue f-Factor, Tissue-Air Ratios, etc.	531
55	Radiation Dose IV: Radiobiological Processes and Radiogenic Health Effects	538
56	Radiation Dose V: Probabilities of Occurrence of Stochastic Health Effects	550
Appendix	On Talking with People about Radiation (and Other) Risks	558
57	Radiation Oncology, and the Role of Imaging in Treatment Planning	560
	Radiation Safety and Emergency Response
58	Practical Radiation Safety for Ionizing Radiation	570
59	Rems, Risks, and Regs: The Legal Basis for Radiation Protection Standards	577
60	Response to a Major Radiological Emergency	587
	Solutions to the Exercises	603
	References	617
	Some Symbols and Units	623
	Index	625