Japanese Urban Railways : A Private-Public Comparison Book

	List of figures
	List of tables
	Acknowledgements
1	Introduction	1
I	Purpose of study	1
II	Organization of the analysis	2
2	Overview of urban rail industry	5
II	Kinds of urban rail transportation	5
III	History of Japanese urban railways: focussing on private railways	9
IV	Market share of rail transportation	10
V	Regulation of railways	17
VI	Subsidy	30
VII	Operating profitability	35
3	Network, service output and quality	43
II	The nature of the network	43
III	Service output characteristics	48
IV	Service quality	51
V	Fares	60
4	Productivity and input utilization	69
II	Car productivity and utilization of rolling stock	72
III	Labor productivity and permanent employees	78
IV	Energy productivity and consumption	108
5	Cost structure of urban railways	118
II	Rail cost accounting in Japan	118
III	Operating cost comparisons: private versus public, Japan versus U.S.	122
IV	Wage rates in the private and public sectors	128
V	Capital cost	133
6	Cost model and cost comparison	157
II	Overview of cost studies of urban railways	157
III	Statistical cost model	163
IV	Cost estimation	168
V	Cost comparison between private and public railways	183
7	Conclusion	188
	Appendix 1: Selected samples of urban railways	193
	Appendix 2: Sample statistics of variables	197
	Bibliography	203