Understanding Book

1 Introduction 3

The book's aims 3

Conceptualising the 'other' 5

Understanding policy and practice 8

Outline of the book 10

2 'Race', ethnicity and social policy: theoretical concepts and the limitations of current approaches to welfare 19

Introduction 20

Linking ethnicity, 'race' and nationality 22

'Race', racism and cultural racisml 24

How far are 'race' and ethnicity different concepts? 26

Institutional racism 29

'Race', nation and nationality 31

Why focus on operationalising ethnicity? 33

How can our discussion help create an 'evidence base' to inform policy and practice? 36

Conclusion 38

Questions for discussion 40

3 The history and pattern of settlement of the UK's black and minority ethnic population 41

A brief history of early minority settlement 42

After the slave trade 46

The rise of the 'other' 47

The early 20th century 51

Post-war settlement patterns 54

The 1991 census 57

From 2001 to the present 60

Summary 67

Questions for discussion 68

Electronic resources 68

4 Policy, politics and practice: a historical review and its relevance to current debates 71

Introduction 72

Invited migrant labour and racism 72

This far and no further: no longer welcome 74

Further restrictions 79

The Race Relations Act 1976 and subsequent amendments 82

'Managing' immigration and 'race' 83

Anti-racism and 'the end of anti-racism': the rise of black struggle 85

The attack on the 'new1 multiculturalism 87

Anti-racism, equality and diversity, and community cohesion 87

Community cohesion 89

Summary 92

Questions for discussion 93

Further reading 93

Electronic resources 93

5 Minority ethnic communities and housing: access, experiences and participation 95

Introduction 98

Trends in minority ethnic settlement and patterns of disadvantage 100

Trends in tenure patterns among minority ethnic households 102

Homelessness in minority ethnic communities 104

The rise of 'race' in the social rented sector 106

Declining interest in 'race' and housing: the problem with regulation and representation 107

Implications for housing strategies, policy and service delivery 110

Questions for discussion 113

Electronic resources 113

6 Understanding the influence of ethnicity on health 115

Introduction 116

Understanding the drivers of ethnic inequalities in health and disease 118

Structural components of ethnic differences in health: socio-economic disadvantage 119

Structural components of ethnic differences in health: racist victimisation 121

Genetic/biological components of ethnic inequalities in health and disease 123

Cultural components of ethnic inequalities in health and disease 124

New approaches to understanding ethnic inequalities in health 129

Summary 131

Questions for discussion 132

Electronic resources 132

7 Not invited to the party? Black and minority ethnic adults and the personalisation of social care 133

Introduction 133

The policy context 135

Marginalising BME users 137

Universalism, capacity and choice 138

The local: community involvement 141

The rise of the user-led organisation 142

The role of the social care professional 145

Summary 148

Questions for discussion 149

Further reading 149

Electronic resources 150

Eight|'Race', education and children's policy 151

Introduction 151

Ethnicity and identity 152

Persistent inequalities 154

Seeking evidence of change 156

Barriers to progress 158

'Getting it' 161

What is stopping permanent change? 161

Critical race theory 162

Summary 164

Questions for discussion 166

Electronic resources 166

9 Minority ethnic groups in the labour market 167

Introduction 167

The minority ethnic population in Great Britain 168

Economic activity and employment rates 169

Types of employment 171

Factors explaining labour-market disadvantage among minority ethnic groups 178

The structure of the economy 184

Other factors affecting demand 185

Other factors affecting supply 185

Conclusion 187

Questions for discussion 188

Further reading 188

Electronic resources 188

10 Poverty and income maintenance 191

Introduction 191

Poverty 192

Welfare 201

Summary 206

Questions for discussion 206

11 Theorising 'race', ethnicity and mental health 209

Introduction 209

Theorising mental illness 210

Ethnicity and mental health 211

Discrimination, disadvantage and mental health 213

'Blackness' and 'madness' - the negative spiral 214

Establishing mental health status in minority ethnic groups 215

Issues for particular groups 218

Experiencing mental health services 220

Experience in the black-led voluntary sector 221

A policy response 221

Responding positively 222

Summary 224

Questions for discussion p225

Electronic resources 225

12 Young people and criminal justice 227

Introduction 227

Ethnicities, youth and crime 228

The context 229

The legacy of Scarman 231

Criminal justice or welfare 234

New Labour - old ideas 236

Gender, youth and justice 242

Conclusion 243

Summary 244

Questions for discussion 244

Further reading 245