Culture and Gender of Voice Pitch: A Sociophonetic Comparison of the Japanese and Americans Book

List of Figures ix

List of Tables x

Acknowledgements xi

Notes on Transcription of Japanese xii

Introduction 1

Pitch 1

Physical differences between male and female larynges and voice pitch 5

Cultural differences between men's and women's voice pitch 7

Impressionistic observations of voice pitch 9

Acoustic analyses of voice pitch 9

Voice pitch and emotion 10

Voice pitch and politeness 11

Voice pitch, politeness and gender 14

1 Impressionistic observations of men's and women's voice 16

Novels 16

Etiquette books/handbooks 23

Impressionistic comments by scholars 30

2 Acoustic analyses of voice pitch 36

Early analyses 37

More recent analyses 46

Voice pitch and emotion research 51

3 Comparative sociophonetic research of voice pitch 60

Studies using passages and constructed dialogues read by informants 61

Study analyzing speech derived from task-completion by informants 65

Studies utilizing conversational speech data 65

4 Voice pitch and expression of emotion 91

Expression of emotion 91

Cross-cultural research on universality of emotional expression 94

Cross-cultural research on emotion and Japan 96

Japanese psychology of amae and enryo 101

Emotion and intonation (pitch modulation) 102

5 Voice Pitch, Politeness and Gender 115

Politeness 116

Politeness, expression of emotion and voice pitch for Japanese people: my findings 122

Gender, voice pitch and politeness: my findings 131

6 Conclusion 142

References 145

Index 159