Polar Tourism: An Environmental Perspective Book

Authors' Introduction vii

1 Arctic and Antarctic: Polar Regions and Environments 1

Introducing the Polar Regions 1

The Arctic Region 7

The Antarctic Region 16

Summary and Conclusions 24

2 Arctic Tourism: History and Development 25

Introduction: Unlikely Regions for Tourism 25

How Arctic Tourism Developed 26

Arctic Tourism Today 29

Summary and Conclusions 43

3 Antarctic Tourism: History and Development 44

Introduction: A Late Starter 44

Antarctic Tourism: The Beginnings 45

Antarctic Tourism Today 52

Summary and Conclusions 60

4 Tourism in Changing Polar Environments 61

Introduction: A Changing World 61

Changes due to Cosmic Events 61

Changes due to Human Activities 68

Changing Sovereignty Issues 76

Summary and Conclusions 77

5 Wilderness Tourism: Challenges and Techniques 79

Introduction: Wilderness Challenges 79

Economic Development in Polar Regions 81

Wilderness Area Management 82

Tourism Management Objectives 83

Criteria for Polar Tourism Management 84

Practicalities of Management 94

Summary and Conclusions 100

6 Managing Shipborne Tourism 101

Introduction 101

Polar Marine Incidents 102

Sources of Protective Legislation 105

Threats to Human Safety 108

Threats to the Environment 109

Guidelines for Good Practice 114

Infrastructure and Information 116

Adventure Mariners 118

Summary and Conclusions 119

7 Polar Culture and Heritage Tourism 121

Introduction 121

Arctic People and Communities 121

Arctic Culture and Heritage Resources 124

Managing Arctic Culture and Heritage Tourism 127

Antarctic Heritage Tourism 131

Managing Historic Sites for Tourism 138

Summary and Conclusions 139

8 Southern Oceans and Antarctic Tourism 141

Introduction: Regulation 141

The Oceanic Islands 141

Regulation in the Antarctic Treaty Area 150

Summary and Conclusions 164

9 Managing Polar Tourism: A Way Forward 166

Introduction: Regulation and Management 166

Diversity and Growth 167

Multiple Resource Management Planning 172

Summary and Conclusions 182

Appendix A 184

Appendix B 186

Appendix C 190

Appendix D 196

Appendix E 205

Appendix F 207

References 209