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Dr. Juan Negrin Lopez (1892-1956) was a man of immense talent, energy, and socialist convictions who served the Spanish people in different capacities: a physiologist of international reputation, chairman of the medical faculty of the Complutense University in Madrid during the 1920s, an active member of the Parliamentary wing of the Socialist Party (1931-1936), Minister of Finance in the Popular Front government led by Francisco Largo Caballero during the Civil War (1936-1937), and Prime Minister (1937-1939). In all these roles, Negrin was highly competent: improving the laboratories and experimental methods in physiology, obtaining scholarships for students, encouraging students to learn foreign languages, to read scientific literature in the original, and also to think of public health as a national public responsibility. As Minister of Finance he conceived of Spain's relatively large gold reserve as the only means by which the Republic could buy the quality of modern arms that were being supplied to General Franco by Hitler and Mussolini. In European politics of the mid-1930s, he understood much better than did the political classes of the English, French, and United States that Nazism and Fascism were a much greater threat to European democracy than was Soviet Communism. But the "appeasement" policy culminating in the Munich Pact of September 29, 1938 sealed the fate of the Spanish Republic, as well as that of the Republic of Czechoslovakia. From 1940 onward, Negrin was reviled in Franco's Spain for having supposedly delivered the Republic into the hands of the Communists. Many republican and socialist exiles also rejected him for continuing his Numantian policy of resistance when, after Munich, the military possibilities of the Republic were truly hopeless. Author Gabriel Jackson provides an understanding of the moral and political thinking of Dr. Juan Negrin, of those who supported him to the end, and of those who felt that the last months of the war merely prolonged the suffering of the population.
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Louis Obrien
reviewed Juan Negrín: Physiologist, Socialist, and Prime Minister of the Spanish Republic on March 02, 2014
Juan Negrín: Physiologist, Socialist, and Prime Minister of the Spanish Republic
De Tocqueville is famous, at least in the United States, for his work Democracy in America. But he also wrote about his home county, and France was a pretty crazy place through the nineteenth century. He was of the nobility, but (partially due to his time in the U.S.) was more attuned to the flaws and troubles of the democratic and republican forms of government than many of his contemporaries. He wrote this book, Recollections on the French Revolution, as a memoir without planning on publication, so it is frank to a sometimes brutal extent regarding the other leading figures in revolutionary France. De Tocqueville's Recollections weren't written contemporaneously with events, but fairly soon, and with no expectation of publication.
It is unfortunate that a private diary can be subpoenaed in the United States. The law isn't perfectly clear on that, but it seems likely that most highly-placed government officials will be too wary of that problem to write as candidly as de Tocqueville did. (He actually wrote after the events at hand, but still within just a few years.) Such a memoir of a highly positioned person provides a glimpse of inner workings which would often seem too quotidian to remember at the end of a long career, but would provide the historian, the psychologist, and even the lay reader with a clearer view of that world.
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