Animal Learning and Cognition: An Introduction Book

Preface ix
1 The study of animal intelligence 2 The distribution of intelligence 4 Defining animal intelligence 12 Why study animal intelligence? 16 Methods for studying animal intelligence 20 Historical background 22
2 Associative learning 34 Conditioning techniques 36 The nature of associative learning 42 Stimulus-stimulus learning 49 The nature of US representations 52 The conditioned response 55 Concluding comment: the reflexive nature of the conditioned response 60
3 The conditions for learning: Surprise and attention 62 Part 1 Surprise and conditioning 64 Conditioning with a single CS 64 Conditioning with a compound CS 68 Evaluation of the Rescorla-Wagner model 72 Part 2 Attention and conditioning 74 Wagner's theory 76 Stimulus significance 80 The Pearce-Hall theory 86 Concluding comments 91
4 Instrumental conditioning 92 The nature of instrumental learning 93 The conditions of learning 97 The performance of instrumental behavior 106 The Law of Effect and problem solving 111
5 Extinction 122 Extinction as generalization decrement 123 The conditions for extinction 125 Associative changes during extinction 134 Are trials important for Pavlovian extinction? 142
6 Discrimination learning 148 Theories of discrimination learning 149 Connectionist models of discrimination learning 161 Metacognition and discrimination learning 166
7 Category formation 170 Examples of categorization 171 Theories of categorization 173 Abstract categories 179 Relationships as categories 180 The representation of knowledge 188
8 Short-term retention 190 Methods of study 191 Forgetting 199 Theoretical interpretation 202 Serial position effects 206 Metamemory 207
9 Long-termretention 212 Capacity 214 Durability 215 Theoretical interpretation 218 Episodic memory 225
10 Time, number, and serial order 232 Time 233 Number 243 Serial order 253 Transitive inference 259 Concluding comments 262
11 Navigation 264 Part 1 Short-distance travel 265 Methods of navigation 265 Part 2 Long-distance travel 283 Navigational cues 284 Homing 286 Migration 289 Concluding comments 293
12 Social learning 296 Diet selection and foraging 298 Choosing a mate 301 Fear of predators 301 Copying behavior: mimicry 302 Copying behavior: imitation 304 Theory of mind 312 Self-recognition 319 Concluding comments 324
13 Animal communication and language 326 Animal communication 327 Communication and language 336 Can an ape create a sentence? 339 Language training with other species 350 The requirements for learning a language 356
14 The distribution of intelligence 360 Intelligence and brain size 361 The null hypothesis 364 Intelligence and evolution 369 References 373 Author index 403 Subject index 411