Enzymes in Nonaqueous Solvents: Methods and Protocols Book

Part I

Control of Enzyme Activity in Nonaqueous Solvents

Peter J. Halling

Salt-Induced Activation of Enzymes in Organic Solvents: Optimizing the Lyophilization Time and Water Content

Michael T. Ru, Jonathan S. Dordick, Jeffrey A. Reimer, and Douglas S. Clark

Imprinting Enzymes for Use in Organic Media

Joseph O. Rich and Jonathan S. Dordick

Entrapment of Biocatalysts by Prepolymer Methods

Atsuo Tanaka and Takamitsu Iida

Microencapsulation of Enzymes and Cells for Nonaqueous Biotransformations

Jeffrey A. Khan and Evgeny N. Vulfson

Immobilization of Lipases on Hydrogels

Abu Bakar Salleh, Norhaizan M. Esa, Mahiran Basri, Che Nyonya A. Razak, Wan Md Zin W. Yunus, and Mansor Ahmad

Polyethylene Glycol-Modified Enzymes in Hydrophobic Media

Ayako Matsushima, Yoh Kodera, Misao Hiroto, Hiroyuki Nishimura, and Yuji Inada

Chemical Modification of Lipase for Use in Ester Synthesis

Mahiran Basri, Kamaruzaman Ampon, Che Nyonya A. Razak, and Abu Bakar Salleh

Preparation and Properties in Organic Solvents of Noncovalent PEG-Enzyme Complexes

Francesco Secundo, Gianluca Ottlina, and Giacomo Carrea

Preparations of a Lipid-Coated Enzyme and Activity for Reverse Hydrolysis Reactions in Homogeneous Organic Media

Toshiaki Mori and Yoshio Okahata

Very High Activity Biocatalysts for Low-Water Systems: Propanol-Rinsed Enzyme Preparations

Barry D. Moore, Johann Partridge, and Peter J. Halling

Methods for Measurement and Control of Water in Nonaqueous Biocatalysis

George Bell, Peter J. Halling, Lindsey May, Barry D. Moore, Donald A. Robb, Rein Ulijn, and Rao H. Valivety

Water Activity Control in Organic Media by Equilibration Through Membranes

Ernst Wehtje and Patrick Adlercreutz

Water Activity Control for Lipase-Catalyzed Reactions in Nonaqueous Media

Joon Shick Rhee, Seok Joon Kwon, and Jeong Jun Han

Immobilization of Enzymes and Control of Water Activity in Low-Water Media: Properties and Applications of Celite R-640 (Celite Rods)

Lucia Gardossi

Enzyme Activity and Enantioselectivity Measurements in Organic Media

Amélie Ducret, Michael Trani, and Robert Lortie

Calorimetric Methods in Evaluating Hydration and Solvation of Solid Proteins Immersed in Organic Solvents

Mikhail Borisover, Vladimir Sirotkin, Dmitriy Zakharychev, and Boris Solomonov

Detection of Structural Changes of Enzymes in Nonaqueous Media by Fluorescence and CD Spectroscopy

Hideo Kise

The Effects of Crown Ethers on the Activity of Enzymes in Organic Solvents

Dirk-Jan van Unen, Johan F. J. Engbersen, and David N. Reinhoudt

Control of Acid-Base Conditions in Low-Water Media

Johann Partridge, Neil Harper, Barry D. Moore, and Peter J. Halling

Enzymatic Acylation of _-Butylglucoside in Nonaqueous Media

Marie-Pierre Bousquet, René-Marc Willemot, Pierre Monsan, and Emmanuel Boures

Part II

Synthetic Applications

Herbert L. Holland

Choosing Hydrolases for Enantioselective Reactions Involving Alcohols Using Empirical Rules

Alexandra N. E. Weissfloch and Romas J. Kazlauskas

Candida antarctica Lipase B: A Tool for the Preparation of Optically Pure Alcohols

Didier Rotticci, Jenny Ottosson, Torbjörn Norin, and Karl Hult

Enantioselective Lipase-Catalyzed Transesterifications in Organic Solvents

Fritz Theil

Pseudomonas cepacia Lipase-Catalyzed Enantioselective Acylation of 2-Substituted-1-alkanols in Organic Solvents

Patrizia Ferraboschi and Enzo Santaniello

Preparation of 2-, 3-, and 4-Methylcarboxylic Acids and the Corresponding Alcohols of High Enantiopurity by Lipase-Catalyzed Esterification

Per Berglund and Erik Hedenström

Optimization of Enzymatic Enantiomeric Resolutions Through Solvent Selection

Gianluca Ottolina, Francesco Secundo, Giorgio Colombo, and Giacomo Carrea

Chemoselective Amidification of Amino-Polyols Catalyzed with Lipases in Organic Solvents

Thierry Maugard, Magali Remaud-Simeon, and Pierre Monsan

Synthesis of Esters Catalyzed by Lipases in Water-in-Oil Microemulsions

Haralambos Stamatis, Aristotelis Xenakis, and Fragiskos N. Kolisis

Enzymatic Conversion of Organosilicon Compounds in Organic Solvents

Takuo Kawamoto and Atsuo Tanaka

Synthetic Applications of Enzymes in Nonaqueous Media

Valérie Rolland and René Lazaro

Enzymes in Nonaqueous Solvents: Applications in Carbohydrate and Peptide Preparation

Shui-Tein Chen, Boonyaras Sookkheo, Suree Phutrahul, and Kung-Tsung Wang

Interface Bioreactor: Microbial Transformation Device on an Interface Between a Hydrophilic Carrier and a Hydrophobic Organic Solvent

Shinobu Oda, Takeshi Sugai, and Hiromichi Ohta

Yeast-Mediated Reactions in Organic Solvents

Andrew J. Smallridge and Maurie A. Trewhella

Biocatalysis in Pharmaceutical Process Development: SCH56592, a Case Study

Brian Morgan, David R. Dodds, Michael J. Homann, Aleksey Zaks, and Robert Vail

Part III

Reaction Systems and Bioreactor Design

Evgeny N. Vulfson

Enzymatic Solid-to-Solid Peptide Synthesis

Markus Erbeldinger, Uwe Eichhorn, Peter Kuhl, and Peter J. Halling

Enzymatic Synthesis and Hydrolysis Reactions of Acylglycerols in Solvent-Free Systems

Cristina Otero, Jose A. Arcos, Hugo S. Garcia, and Charles G. Hill, Jr

Solid-Gas Catalysis at Controlled Water Activity: Reactions at the Gas-Solid Interface Using Lipolytic Enzymes

Sylvain Lamare and Marie Dominique Legoy

Solvent-Free Biotransformations of Lipids

Tsuneo Yamane

Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Sugar Fatty Acid Esters in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Haralambos Stamatis, Vasiliki Sereti, and Fragiskos N. Kolisis

Transformations in Frozen Aqueous Solutions Catalyzed by Hydrolytic Enzymes

Marion Haensler and Hans-Dieter Jakubke

Enzymatic Synthesis of Sugar Fatty Acid Esters in Solvent-Free Media

Douglas B. Sarney and Evgeny N. Vulfson

Biotransformations in Supersaturated Solutions

David A. MacManus, Anna Millqvist-Fureby, and Evgeny N. Vulfson

Enzymatic Transformations in Suspensions (I): One Solid Substrate and Product

Volker Kasche and Antje Spieß

Biotransformations in Supercritical Fluids

Nuno Fontes, M. Conceição Almeida, and Susana Barreiros

Reverse Micellar Systems: General Methodology

Andrey V. Levashov and Natalia L. Klyachko

Enzymatic Transformations in Supercritical Fluids

Alain Marty and Jean-Stéphane Condoret

Enzymatic Transformations in Suspensions (II)

Adrie J. J. Straathof, Mike J. J. Litjens, and Joseph J. Heijnen

Characterization and Operation of a Micellar Membrane Bioreactor

Cristina M. L. Carvalho, Maria Raquel Aires-Barros, and Joaquim M. S. Cabral

Immobilization of Lipase Enzymes and Their Application in the Interesterification of Oils and Fats

Alan D. Peilow and Maha M. A. Misbah