Reading Instruction for Diverse Classrooms: Research-Based, Culturally Responsive Practice Book

1 Reading Instruction for Diverse Populations 1

Reading Instruction Past and Present: Theory and Approaches 2

Our Model: Research-Based, Culturally Responsive Reading Instruction 7

The Goal of Research-Based, Culturally Responsive Reading Instruction 17

Principles for Decision Making on Research-Based, Culturally Responsive Practice 17

Why This Book Now? 18

Cast of Characters 19

2 How Children Learn to Read 20

Theoretical Perspectives on Literacy Development 21

From Emergent to Conventional Literacy: Phases of Development 23

Reading Instruction That Matches Development 39

3 Children Who Struggle with Reading 40

Deficit Views of Children Who Struggle 41

So Why Do Some Children and Populations of Children Struggle with Reading? 42

Explanations for Group Differences 46

Schools and Teachers Affect Achievement Differences 48

4 Classroom Community and Discourse Practices in Research-Based, Culturally Responsive Classrooms 54

Creating a Culture of Care: The Class Meeting 55

The Reading Workshop: A Framework for Respectful, Rigorous Work 57

Dialogic Instruction: Using Talk to Learn 64

Attention to Language Differences 70

5 Word Study: Phonemic Awareness and Phonics 76

Research on Phonemic Awareness and Phonics 77

Principles for Teaching Phonemic Awareness and Phonics 81

Assessing Phonemic Awareness and Phonics 82

Strategies for Phonemic Awareness 86

Strategies for Phonics Instruction 88

Ward Study Programs and Other Excellent Resources 94

Phonemic Awareness, Phonics, and Culturally Responsive Teaching 96

6 Fluency 97

Research on Fluency 98

Principles for Teaching Fluency 101

Assessing Fluency 101

Matching Texts to Readers 103

Strategies for Teaching Fluency 105

Fluency Instruction and Culturally Responsive Teaching 111

7 Comprehension 112

Research on Comprehension Instruction 114

Principles for Teaching Comprehension 117

Assessing Comprehension 118

Research-Based Comprehension Reading Strategies 119

Comprehension within Culturally Responsive Reading Instruction 132

8 More Comprehension Tools: Vocabulary and the Instructional Conversation 134

Research on Vocabulary Learning and Instruction 136

Principles for Teaching Vocabulary 138

Assessing Vocabulary 138

Strategies for Teaching Vocabulary 139

The Instructional Conversation: Tool for Tackling Text 147

Vocabulary Instruction and Instructional Conversations in Culturally Responsive Classrooms 152

9 Writing 153

Research on Writing and Writing Instruction 154

Principles for Writing Instruction 158

The Writing Process: Nonlinear and Messy 159

Assessment of Writing 162

The Writing Workshop: Promises and Problems 164

Managing the Writing Workshop: Strategies in a Workshop Framework 174

Culturally Responsive Writing Instruction 176

10 New Literacies

Research on New Literacies 179

Principles for Teaching New Literacies 183

Assessment of New Literacies 184

Cool Tools: Strategies, Tools, and Activities with the Internet and ICTs 184

New Literacies and Culturally Responsive Instruction 191

11 Research-Based, Culturally Responsive Reading Instruction in Second Grade 192

My Day Begins 192

Journal Writing: 9:10-9:25 193

Greeting: 9:25-9:35 194

Word Wall: 9:35-9:50 194

Shared Reading: 9:50-10:15 195

Word Work: 10:15-10:30 198

Guided Reading: 10:30-11:30 199

Learning Centers: Making Independent Work Time Meaningful 207

Writing 207

Research Projects 209

End-of-Day Thoughts 210

Research-Based, Culturally Responsive Instruction in Second Grade 214

12 Research-Based, Culturally Responsive Reading Instruction in Fifth Grade 216

Morning Routines/Morning Meeting: 8:55-9:25 217

Shared Reading (Whole-Group Instruction): 9:25-9:50 220

Guided Reading (Small-Group Instruction and Literacy Stations): 9:50-10:50 224

Word Work (Whole-Group Instruction/Conferences): 10:50-11:05 235

Writing Workshop (Whole-Group Instruction/Writing Conferences): 11:05-11:45 236

Reflections 238

Research-Based, Culturally Responsive Instruction in Fifth Grade 239

13 Family Involvement 241

Research on Family Involvement 242

Principles for Family Involvement 244

Strategies for Involving Families 245

14 "What If My Students Still Need Help?": Effective Reading Interventions 253

Why Children Still Struggle 254

Supplemental Instruction: The New Norm? 254

Response to Intervention 255

Research on Supplemental Reading Interventions 256

Principles for Reading Interventions 259

Effective Reading Interventions 260

Interventions and Research-Based, Culturally Responsive Teaching 264

Conclusion 265

Resources 267

References 275

Children's Literature Cited 291

Index 293