Child Development: A Practitioner's Guide - 3rd Edition Book

Part I Contexts of Development: A Transactional Approach

Introduction to Part I Perspectives on Development 3

The Maturational Perspective 3

The Transactional Model of Development 4

Developmental Pathways and Intervention 4

Chapter 1 Attachment as a Context of Development 7

How Attachment Develops 8

Functions of Attachment 8

Patterns of Attachment 11

Attachment Classifications 12

Attachment, Class, and Culture 19

The Universality of Attachment 21

Attachment and Future Development 21

Parental Models of Attachment 24

Attachment Theory and Family Systems Theory 28

The Attachment Perspective in the Assessment of Young Children 29

Kelly and Her Mother: A Case Example 30

Chapter 2 Brain Development 39

Sequence of Brain Development 40

Early Brain Growth: Synaptogenesis and Myelination 40

Synaptic Overproduction and Pruning 42

Plasticity and Experience 43

Bonding, Attachment, and Brain Development 43

Mirror Neurons and the Social Brain 45

Can Parents Build Better Brains? 46

Risk and Protective Factors Influencing Brain Development 47

Stress, Trauma, and Brain Development 49

Early Trauma and Brain Development 51

Studies of Institutionally Deprived Young Children 56

Chapter 3 Risk and Protective Factors: The Child, Family, and Community Contexts 60

Research on Risk and Resilience 60

Protective Factors and Processes 61

Risk Factors 65

Conclusion 101

Appendix 3.1 Summary of Risk and Protective Factors 103

Chapter 4 Analysis of Risk and Protective Factors: Practice Applications 105

How to Use Risk Factor Analysis 105

Prediction of Risk: Assessing Current Risk and Protective Factors 106

Retrospective Analysis of Risk and Protective Factors 116

Part II The Course of Child Development

Introduction to Part II A Developmental Lens on Childhood 127

Barriers to Understanding the Child's Perspective 127

Dynamics of Developmental Change 129

Interactions between Maturation and Environment 129

Thinking Developmentally in Assessment and Intervention 130

Organization of Developmental Chapters 130

Chapter 5 Infant Development 131

The Interaction between Maturation and Caregiving 131

Brain Development: The Importance of Early Experience 132

Metaphors of Infant-Parent Transactions 132

Caregivers' Adaptations to Developmental Change 133

The Neonatal Period: Birth-4 Weeks 134

Age 1-3 Months 137

Age 3-6 Months 142

A Normal Infant and a Competent Parent: A Case Example 147

Age 6-12 Months 149

Appendix 5.1 Summary of Infant Development, Birth-12 Months of Age 160

Chapter 6 Practice with Infants 163

Assessment Issues 164

Assessment and Brief Interventions with an Infant and Her Family: A Case Example 168

Observation Exercises 183

Chapter 7 Toddler Development 185

Physical Development 186

Attachment and Secure Base Behavior 186

Cognitive Development 192

Language and Communication 193

Symbolic Communication and Play 200

Regulation of Emotion and Behavior 203

Moral Development 209

The Developing Self 215

Appendix 7.1 Summary of Toddler Development, 1-3 Years of Age 222

Chapter 8 Practice with Toddlers 225

Assessment 225

Assessment of Toddler Development: A Case Example 230

Intervention: Parent-Child Therapy 244

Parent-Child Therapy with an Abused Toddler: A Case Example 247

Observation Exercises 249

Interview Exercises 250

Chapter 9 Preschool Development 251

Physical Development 252

Attachment 254

Social Development 256

Language Development 262

Symbolic Communication and Play 267

Cognitive Development 270

Regulation of Emotion and Behavior 279

Moral Development 287

The Developing Self 294

Appendix 9.1 Summary of Preschool Development, 3-6 Years of Age 300

Chapter 10 Practice with Preschoolers 304

Assessment 304

Child Care Consultation with a Preschool Child: A Case Example 305

Intervention with Preschoolers: Play Therapy 310

Using Play in the Treatment of Preschoolers 312

Medical Treatment as a Developmental Interference 313

Play Therapy with a Preschool Child: A Case Example 315

Observation Exercise 326

Chapter 11 Middle Childhood Development 327

Physical Development 328

The Transition from Preschool to Middle Childhood 329

Attachment 334

Social Development 336

Language and Communication 344

Play and Fantasy 347

Cognitive Development 350

Self-Regulation 358

Moral Development 365

Sense of Self 367

Toward Adolescence 378

Appendix 11.1 Summary of Middle Childhood Development, 6-12 Years of Age 380

Chapter 12 Practice with School-Age Children 384

Assessment 384

Intervention 393

Working to Master the Trauma of Repeated Abuse: A Case Example 398

Using Developmental Strengths: A Case Example 406

Observation Exercises 414

Chapter 13 Conclusion: Developmental Knowledge and Practice 415

Applying Practice Knowledge and Skills 416

Ever-Present Complications in Practice 417

Intervention and Developmental Outcome 419

References 421

Index 481