Khan's Lectures: Handbook of the Physics of Radiation Therapy Book

Preface vii

CHAPTER 1:

Structure of MatterLecture 1A

Lecture 1B

The Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Forces of Nature and Fundamental Particles . . . . . . . 7Review Questions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11CHAPTER 2:

Nuclear TransformationsLecture 2A

Lecture 2B

Radioactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Nuclear Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Review Questions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27CHAPTER 3:

Production of X-RaysLecture 3A

Lecture 3B

X-Ray Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Physics of X-Ray Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Review Questions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41CHAPTER 4:

Clinical Radiation GeneratorsLecture 4A

Lecture 4B

X-Ray and Electron Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Heavy Particle Accelerators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Review Questions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60CHAPTER 5:

Interactions of Ionizing RadiationLecture 5A

Lecture 5B

Photon Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Particle Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Review Questions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76CHAPTER 6:

Measurement of Ionizing RadiationLecture 6A

Lecture 6B

Measurement of Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Chambers and Electrometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Review Questions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92CHAPTER 7:

Quality of X-Ray BeamsLecture 7

Beam Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Specification and Measurement of X-Ray97Review Questions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102CHAPTER 8:

Measurement of Absorbed DoseLecture 8A

Lecture 8B

Dosimetry Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Dosimeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Review Questions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119CHAPTER 9:

Dose Distribution and Scatter AnalysisLecture 9

Depth Dose and Tissue-Air Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Review Questions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133CHAPTER 10:

A System of Dosimetric CalculationsLecture 10

Formalism for Monitor Units Calculation . . . . . . . 139Review Questions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148CHAPTER 11:

Distributions

Treatment Planning I: IsodoseLecture 11

Isodose Distribution and Plan Evaluation . . . . . . . 153Review Questions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170CHAPTER 12:

Corrections, and Setup

Treatment Planning II: Patient Data,Lecture 12A

Treatment Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Lecture 12B:

Inhomogeneities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Patient Data Acquisition, Simulation, and175Corrections for Irregular Surface and Tissue183Review Questions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190Contents

xiCHAPTER 13:

Skin Dose, and Field Separation

Treatment Planning III: Field Shaping,Lecture 13

Field Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Field Shaping, Surface Dose, and195Review Questions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204CHAPTER 14:

Electron Beam TherapyLecture 14A

Lecture 14B

Electron Beam Interactions and Dosimetry . . . . . 209Electron Beam Treatment Planning . . . . . . . . . . . 220Review Questions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234CHAPTER 15:

BrachytherapyLecture 15

Implantation and Dose Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Low-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy: Rules of239Review Questions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249CHAPTER 16:

Radiation ProtectionLecture 16

Radiation Protection and Shielding Design . . . . . . 253Review Questions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261CHAPTER 17:

Quality AssuranceLecture 17

Quality Assurance and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . 267Review Questions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273CHAPTER 18:

Total Body IrradiationLecture 18

and Dosimetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total Body Irradiation: Techniques277Review Questions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282CHAPTER 19:

Radiation Therapy

Three-Dimensional ConformalLecture 19

Treatment Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3D Conformal Radiotherapy: Dosimetry and287Review Questions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295xii

ContentsCHAPTER 20:

Intensity-Modulated Radiation TherapyLecture 20

and Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

IMRT: Commissioning, Treatment Planning,299Review Questions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308CHAPTER 21:

Stereotactic Radiation TherapyLecture 21

Stereotactic Radiotherapy and Radiosurgery . . . . . . 313Review Questions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320CHAPTER 22:

High-Dose-Rate BrachytherapyLecture 22

Treatment Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy: Dosimetry and325Review Questions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330CHAPTER 23:

Prostate ImplantsLecture 23

Treatment Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Prostate Implants: Technique, Dosimetry, and335Review Questions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343CHAPTER 24:

Intravascular BrachytherapyLecture 24

and Dosimetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Intravascular Brachytherapy: Techniques347Review Questions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352CHAPTER 25:

Image-Guided Radiation TherapyLecture 25

Tracking, and Imaging Dose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

IGRT: On-Board Imagers, Online Tumor355Review Questions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364CHAPTER 26:

Proton Beam TherapyLecture 26

Treatment Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Proton Beam Therapy: Dosimetry and367Review Questions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377Answers

Index 383

379