Shamanism and the Origins of States: Spirit, Power, and Gender in East Asia Book

List of Figures     xi
Preface and Acknowledgments     xv
Orientation to Shamanism and the Origin of States: Spirit, Power, and Gender in East Asia     1
What Is Shamanism?     3
Who Were the Wu?     5
State Formation     6
Archaeology     7
Texts     8
Organization of the Book     9
Niuheliang, China     14
Landscapes, Legends, and Skyscapes     19
Landscapes     19
Myths and Legends     31
Skyscapes     38
Interaction between Earth and Heaven     42
Conclusion     46
The Puyang Burial, China     47
What is a Shaman?     51
The Archaeology of Religion, Magic, and Ritual     54
Shamans in Ethnology     57
Shamans in History     61
Other Beliefs and Rituals in East Asia     63
Practices of Shamans     67
Material Culture of Shamans     68
Current Shamanism in East Asia     71
Variability of Shamanisms in Ancient East Asia     72
Conclusion     74
Yoshinogari, Japan     76
Power, Leadership, and Gender     81
Shamanism and Power     81
Leadership Strategies     84
Theories of Leadership     85
Obtaining Power     86
Qualities of a Leader     92
Ideologies of Leadership     93
Women as Shamans and Leaders     95
Conclusion     99
Anyang, China, Tomb No. 5-Lady Hao     100
Shamans in the East Asian Neolithic     105
Neolithic Chronology     109
Possible Evidence of Neolithic Shamans     112
Conclusion     138
Kamegoaka, Japan     140
Shamanism in Early Chinese States     143
Evidence of Xia     146
Evidence of Shang     151
Means of Reaching the Spirits     156
Critiquing the Shaman Hypothesis     162
Warring States     163
Conclusion     166
Sanxingdui, China     168
Shamanism in Korea     171
Paleolithic and Neolithic     172
Bronze Age     174
The Han Commanderies     179
The Korean Three Kingdoms     181
Current Shamanism in Korea     190
Conclusion     191
Hwangnam Daecheong, Korea-Burial of a Ruling Queen?     192
Shamanism in the Japanese Islands     199
Kami     200
Japanese Archaeology     200
Early Japanese History     207
Shamanism in Present-Day Japan     208
Ryukyu Islands     210
Conclusion     212
Haniwa, Japan     213
Retying the Knots: Leadership, Ideology, Cultural Patterns, Gender, and Shamans in East Asia     217
Times, Trends, and Gender     218
Context and the Cultural Mosaic of East Asia     224
Other Gender Issues     228
Present-Day Shamanism in East Asia     229
Conclusion     230
References     233
Index     265
About the Author     283