Missing Data Book

A Gentle Introduction to Missing Data     1
The Concept of Missing Data     2
The Prevalence of Missing Data     2
Why Data Might Be Missing     5
The Impact of Missing Data     6
A Cost-Benefit Approach to Missing Data     10
Missing Data-Not Just for Statisticians Anymore     13
Purpose of This Book     14
Consequences of Missing Data     17
Three General Consequences of Missing Data     18
Consequences of Missing Data on Construct Validity     20
Consequences of Missing Data on Internal Validity     25
Consequences for Causal Generalization     35
Summary     39
Classifying Missing Data     40
"The Silence That Betokens"     41
The Current Classification System: Mechanisms of Missing Data     42
Expanding the Classification System     52
Summary     62
Preventing Missing Data by Design     65
Overall Study Design     66
Characteristics of the Target Population and the Sample     72
Data Collection Methods     75
Treatment Implementation     84
Data Entry Process     85
Summary     85
Diagnostic Procedures     88
Traditional Diagnostics     89
Dummy Coding Missing Data     90
Numerical Diagnostic Procedures     92
Diagnostic Procedures Using Graphing     110
Summary     114
The Selection of Data Analytic Procedures     116
Preliminary Steps     117
Decision Making     127
Summary     138
Data Deletion Methods for Handling Missing Data     140
Data Sets     140
Complete Case Method     141
Available Case Method     147
Available Item Method     148
Individual Growth Curve Analysis     152
Multisample Analyses     156
Summary     158
Data Augmentation Procedures     160
Model-Based Procedures     161
Markov Chain Monte Carlo     166
Adjustment Methods     168
Summary     172
Single Imputation Procedures     173
Constant Replacement Methods     175
Random Value Imputation     181
Nonrandom Value Imputation: Single Condition     185
Nonrandom Value Imputation: Multiple Conditions      190
Summary     194
Multiple Imputation     196
The MI Process     199
Summary     210
Reporting Missing Data and Results     213
APA Task Force Recommendations     213
Missing Data and Study Stages     214
TFSI Recommendations and Missing Data     218
Reporting Format     221
Summary     223
Epilogue     225
References     229
Author Index     237
Subject Index     241