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Part I. | Foundations | |
1 | Computer science and economics - new actors and social order | 3 |
1.1 | From utopia via the present days into the future | 3 |
1.2 | Computer science and order for small worlds | 6 |
1.3 | Economics and order for the grand world | 9 |
1.4 | Machines as software-agents | 12 |
1.5 | Software-agents as new social actors | 16 |
1.6 | Summary | 20 |
2. | Computer science's small worlds | 21 |
2.1 | Communication in agent-systems | 22 |
2.2 | Co-ordination and co-operation in agent-systems | 23 |
2.3 | Overview of approaches to co-ordination and co-operation | 27 |
2.4 | Summary | 31 |
3. | Capturing the grand world with social and economic theory | 33 |
3.1 | Theory between economics and computer science | 33 |
3.2 | The state of nature as analytical reference point | 36 |
3.3 | Theories of the origin of order | 39 |
3.4 | A methodology for further analysis | 41 |
3.5 | Summary | 46 |
4. | Liberalism | 47 |
4.1 | No perspective for Leviathan | 47 |
4.2 | The promises of liberal order | 48 |
4.3 | Freedom | 51 |
4.3.1 | Freedom and the individual | 53 |
4.3.2 | Freedom and the machine | 56 |
4.4 | Summary | 58 |
Part II. | Constraints, behaviour and spontaneous order | |
5. | The order of rules - constraints for a liberal order | 63 |
5.1 | Liberal principles of social order | 64 |
5.1.1 | Non-domination | 66 |
5.1.2 | Exclusion | 68 |
5.1.3 | Contract | 71 |
5.1.4 | Priority | 73 |
5.1.5 | Few principles for a complex order of rules | 74 |
5.2 | Towards institutions of liberal order | 76 |
5.2.1 | Internalised institutions | 78 |
5.2.2 | Informal institutions | 80 |
5.2.3 | Formal private institutions | 82 |
5.2.4 | Formal legal institutions | 84 |
5.2.5 | A comprehensive typology of institutions | 86 |
5.3 | Conclusions | 87 |
Appendix 5 | Further constraints for software-agents | 89 |
A5.1 | Compatibility of market-oriented systems and liberal order | 89 |
A5.2 | Constraints for small worlds | 90 |
6. | Actors prepared for liberal order | 93 |
6.1 | Questioning common software-agent design principles | 94 |
6.1.1 | Benevolence | 95 |
6.1.2 | Perfect rationality | 96 |
6.1.3 | Global third-party rule-internalisation | 97 |
6.1.4 | Natural slaves | 98 |
6.2 | Rigorous implementation of individualism | 99 |
6.2.1 | Identification | 100 |
6.2.2 | Incentive-orientation | 101 |
6.2.3 | Internalisation-capacity | 103 |
6.3 | Adaptive behaviour | 104 |
6.3.1 | Adaptive behaviour as a complement to unpredictable behaviour | 105 |
6.3.2 | Adaptive behaviour based on inductive reasoning | 107 |
6.3.3 | Adaptive behaviour-more than a model of individual behaviour | 110 |
6.4 | Conclusions | 115 |
Appendix 6 | Further preparation of software-agents for liberal order | 118 |
A6.1 | Functional differentiation and domain-specific software-agents | 118 |
A6.2 | Role-specific software-agents | 120 |
7. | Spontaneous liberal order | 123 |
7.1 | The logic of spontaneous liberal order | 125 |
7.1.1 | Co-operation instead of conflict | 126 |
7.1.2 | Exchange | 127 |
7.1.3 | Exchange media | 130 |
7.1.4 | Division of labour and division of knowledge | 134 |
7.1.5 | Competition | 137 |
7.1.6 | Markets and hierarchies | 140 |
7.1.7 | Simple patterns for complex social order | 146 |
7.2 | Pitfalls of spontaneous liberal order | 148 |
7.2.1 | Power and rent-seeking | 148 |
7.2.2 | Public goods | 150 |
7.2.3 | Market dynamics | 152 |
7.2.4 | Path-dependence | 156 |
7.2.5 | Principal-agent problems | 157 |
7.2.6 | Unavoidable but tolerable pitfalls | 160 |
7.3 | Conclusions | 162 |
8. | Final Conclusion | 167 |
Epilogue | 169 | |
Bibliography | 171 |
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