Enough Is Enough: A Student Affairs Perspective on Preparedness and Response to a Campus Shooting Book

Acknowledgments xi

Foreword xiii

1 Violence in the Shadow of the Ivory Tower: Murder at the University Richard J. Ferraro Blanche McHugh 1

The University as a Safe Haven 1

Single and Double Murders: Clery and Beyond Clery 2

Gender Factors 9

One- and Two-Person Killings on Campus That Had the Potential to Turn Into Mass-Casualty Situations 10

Multiple Murders 11

Some Comparative Aspects of the Three Mass-Murder-Status Killers 21

The Nexus Between Suicide and Homicide 22

Heterogeneity in Murder Cases Involving University Students 26

Rara Avis or Frequent Bird of Prey 29

Expressed and Actual Violence 29

The Scale of Violence 32

References 34

2 The Emotional Health and Violence Connection: Prevention, Intervention, and Resiliency Courtney Knowles Gwendolyn Jordan Dungy 39

College Mental Health: A Growing Concern 41

Mental Health and Violence 42

Lessons From Virginia Tech: The Importance of Connection and Support 43

Emotional Health Safety Net: The Prescription for Prevention and Resiliency 44

The Emotional Health and Violence Connection: Taking Action on Your Campus 48

Conclusion 49

References 50

3 Managing The Whirlwind: Planning for and Responding to a Campus in Crisis Brandi Hephner LaBanc Thomas L. Krepel Barbara J. Johnson Linda V. Herrmann 53

Planning for and Responding to Crisis 54

Coordination of Resources 65

Additional Considerations 67

Threat Assessment Teams 69

Communication During Crises 71

Information Management During Crises 77

Conclusion 79

References 80

4 Counseling During a Campus-Wide Crisis Micky M. Sharma Carolyn Bershad David LaBanc 83

Immediate Response 84

Population Exposure Model 85

Immediate Psychological Responses to Trauma 87

Ongoing Response 89

Preparing Faculty and Staff to Return to Class 91

Classroom Outreach Program 93

Long-Term Implications and Other Considerations 99

Ethical and Legal Considerations 100

Conclusion 103

References 104

5 Essential Student Affairs Services in a Campus Crisis James E. Brunson III Michael Stang Angela Dreessen 107

Defining and Developing Policy for Essential Services 108

Housing and Dining 109

Student Activities 111

International Student Services 113

Conclusion 113

References 114

6 Healing Your Community Kelly S. Wesener Scott Peska Monica Treviño 115

A University Provides Opportunities to Heal 116

A Community Expresses Itself 118

Local Community Support 119

Issues of Sensitivity 120

Fund-Raising as a Support Mechanism 121

From Grieving to Healing 122

Religion Debate 124

The Message 125

Long-Term Community Healing Initiative 127

Offices for Ongoing Support 129

Conclusion 131

References 132

7 The Provost's Perspective: Campus-Wide Needs and Responses Raymond W. Alden III Harold Kafer 135

President and External Relations 136

Students and Their Families 136

Other Academic Leaders, Faculty, and Staff 137

Unique Organizational Qualities in Higher Education That Shape and Influence Emergency Planning and Response 137

Decision Making in Real Time During Crises 139

Academic Impact and Accommodations 139

Facilities Issues 142

The Provost and Student Affairs in the Event of a Shooting 143

Formative Feedback, Reflections, and Unexpected Experiences 143

Conclusion 147

8 Too Close To Home: The Reality of Campus Shootings Brent G. Paterson 149

Reaction to the Virginia Tech Shootings 151

Shootings at NIU 155

Graffiti Incidents Follow NIU Shootings 156

Conclusion 160

References 161

9 Incorporating Words of Wisdom into The Crisis Management Process John R. Jones III Karen J. Haley Brian O. Hemphill 163

Prevention and Mitigation 164

Crisis Planning and Preparation 165

Immediate Response (First 24 Hours) 167

Response (First Seven Days) 169

Campus Healing 170

References 172

About The Contributors 175

Index 185