Cost-Effective Remediation and Closure of Petroleum-Contaminated Sites: Rapid Site Characterization, Documenting Natural Attenuation, Low-Cost Source Reduction, Risk-Based Correcti Book

Tables and Figures

Acronyms and Abbreviations

Acknowledgments

Preface

Chapter 1-INTRODUCTION
Recent Trends in Fuel Spill Remediation
U.S. Air Force Initiatives
National Research Council-Alternatives for Groundwater Cleanup
ASTM Risk-Based Corrective Action (RBCA) Standard
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) Study
Texas Plume Study
Regulatory Progress
Organization of the Book

Chapter 2-SITE CLOSURE STRATEGIES
Requirements for Site Screening
Review of Available Site Data
Determining Current and Future Land Use
Developing a Conceptual Site Model (CSM)
Estimating Natural Attenuation in Soil and Groundwater
Natural Attenuation in Soil
Natural Attenuation in Groundwater
Determining the Applicable Regulatory Framework
Selecting a Site Closure Approach
Managing Risk Through Pathway Elimination
Completing a Pathway Analysis
Establishing Institutional Controls
Active Facilities
Resale and Redevelopment Properties
Evaluating Source Reduction
Using Natural Attenuation for Plume Containment
Long-Term Monitoring
Monitoring Frequency and Duration
Remediation to Risk-Based Cleanup Goals
Fundamentals of Risk-Based Corrective Actions (RBCA)
Using Tier 1 Generic Screening Levels
Developing Tier 2 Site-Specific Cleanup Goals
Attaining Cleanup Goals Using Natural Attenuation
Attaining Cleanup Goals Through Source Reduction
Modified Site Closure Strategies

Chapter 3-SITE CHARACTERIZATION
Overview
Review of Existing Site Data
Constructing a Preliminary Conceptual Site Model
Required Data For Making Risk-Based Remediation Decisions
Developing a Work Plan for Site Characterization
Establishing Regulatory Requirements
Defining Data Quality Objectives
Planning for a Chemical Fate and Transport Assessment
Soil Gas Surface-Flux and Confined-Space Monitoring
Contaminants Leaching from Soil and Free
Product into Groundwater
Natural Chemical Attenuation of Fuel Hydrocarbons
Assessing Potential Surface Water Impacts
Planning for Pilot Testing of Source Reduction Technologies
Characterizing the Chemical Source
Locating and Estimating Free Product Impacts
Soil Gas Surveys
Soil Sampling
Low-Cost Soil Sampling Techniques
Investigation-Derived Waste (IDW)
Characterizing Dissolved Chemical Contamination
Monitoring Locations
Well Installation
Permanent Well Completions
Low-Cost Well Point Completions
Groundwater Sampling and Analysis
Well Development and Water Level Sampling
Free Product Thickness Measurements
Well Purging and Sample Acquisition
Field Analyses
Sample Processing
Aquifer Characterization
Hydraulic Conductivity
Hydraulic Gradient
Collecting Data on Potential Receptors
Identifying Potential Human Receptors
Identifying Ecological Receptors

Chapter 4-EVALUATING SOURCE REDUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
Determining The Need for Source Reduction
The No Source Removal Option
The Engineered Source Reduction Option
Identifying the Remediation Target
Source Reduction Technology Selection Process
Technologies With Widespread Application
Bioventing
Soil Vapor Extraction
Free Product Recovery
Excavation and Treatment or Disposal
Technologies With Limited Application
Air Sparging/Biosparging
In-Well Aeration and Recirculation
Biological Enhancements
Permeable Barriers/Treatment Walls
In Situ Heating Methods
Pump and Treat
Remediation Time and Cost Estimates
Pilot Testing

Chapter 5-PLUME REMEDIATION
Review of Regulatory Options
Plume Containment
Potential Applications
Demonstrating Plume Stability or Limited Migration
Institutional Controls for Groundwater
Establishing a Plume Containment Monitoring Strategy
Locating Point-of-Action Wells
Avoiding Point-of-Compliance Wells
Monitoring Frequency
Remediating Plumes to Cleanup Goals
Potential Applications
Using Natural Attenuation to Achieve Risk-Based Cleanup Goals
Combining Natural Attenuation and Engineered Remediation
Establishing a Remediation Monitoring Plan
Primary Components of a Groundwater Monitoring Plan
Optimizing Long-Term Monitoring Plans

Chapter 6-DOCUMENTATION
Gaining Regulatory Acceptance
Preparing a Work Plan
Regulatory Participation in Risk Evaluation
Preparing a No Further Action Closure Document
Preparing the Remedial Action Plan
Effective Presentations

Appendix A-Case Studies
1. Site OT-45, Wurtsmith AFB, Michigan
2. KC-135 Crash Site, Wurtsmith AFB, Michigan
3. Site ST-27, Charleston AFB, South Carolina
4. Site ST-14, Carswell AFB, Texas

Appendix B-Overview of Applicable Regulations

Appendix C-Documenting Natural Attenuation

Appendix D-Developing Risk-Based Cleanup Goals

Appendix E- Remediation Time and Cost Estimates and Recommended Pilot Testing

Appendix F-Recommended References