Adhesion and adhesives technology Book

1.1 Introduction and Chapter Objectives

1.2 Basic Definitions

1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Adhesive Bonding

1.4 Uses of Adhesive Bonding in Modern Industry

1.5 Economics of Ahesives Technology

1.6 Literature

1.7 Summary

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Definition of Mechanical Stresses for Materials Testing

2.3 Stress-Strain Plots and the Definition of Materials Property Parameters

2.3.1 Tensile Forces

2.3.2 Shear Forces

2.3.3 Strain Energy Density

2.4 Introduction to Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics

2.5 Introduction to Rheology of Liquids

2.6 Introduction to Linear Viscoelasticity

2.7 An Application of Materials Properties and Mechanics: The Bending of Beams

2.8 Summary

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Failure Modes and the Definition of Practical Adhesion

3.3 Tensile Testing of Adhesive Bonds

3.4 Shear Loading of Adhesive Bonds

3.4.1 The Standard Lap Shear Specimen

3.4.2 Variations on the Lap Shear Specimen

3.4.3 Specimen for Determining the True Shear Properties of an Adhesive

3.4.4 The Goland-Reissner Analysis of the Lap Shear Specimen

3.5 Cleavage Loading of Adhesive Bonds

3.5.1 Cleavage or Fracture Specimens

3.5.1.1 Double Cantilever Beam Specimens

3.5.1.2 Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics Applied to the Double Cantilever Beam Specimen

3.5.2 Blister Test

3.5.3 Compact Tension Test

3.5.4 Wedge Test

3.6 Peel Tests

3.6.1 Stress Analysis in a Peel Specimen

3.7 Summary

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Fundamental Forces

4.2.1 Electrostatic Forces

4.2.2 van der Waals Interactions

4.2.2.1 Dipole-Dipole Interactions

4.2.2.2 Dipole-Induced Dipole

4.2.2.3 Dispersion Forces

4.2.3 Interactions through Electron Pair Sharing

4.2.4 Repulsive Forces

4.3 Surface Forces and Surface Energy

4.4 Works of Cohesion and Adhesion

4.5 Methods of Measurement of Surface Energy and Related Parameters

4.5.1 Surface Tension

4.5.1.1 Drop Weight/Volume Method

4.5.1.2 Du Nuoy Tensiometer

4.5.2 Surface Energy of Solids

4.5.2.1 Contact Angle Methods

4.5.2.2 Direct Measurements of Solid Surface Energy

4.6 Surface Thermodynamics and Prediction of Surface and Interfacial Tensions

4.6.1 The Good-Girifalco Relationship

4.6.2 The Fowkes Hypothesis and Fractional Polarity

4.6.3 The Zisman Plot

4.6.4 Modern Application of Contact Angle Measurements

4.7 Modern Methods of Surface Analysis

4.7.1 Modern Methods for Analysis of the Chemistry of Surface

4.7.2 Topological Methods of Surface Analysis

4.8 Summary

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Basic Terminology

5.2.1 Monomers versus Polymers

5.2.2 Basic Types of Polymeric Materials

5.2.3 Molecular Weight

5.3 Thermal Transitions of Polymers

5.3.1 Measurement of Tg

5.4 Dynamic Mechanical Measurements and Viscoelasticity

5.4.1 Methods of Measurement of Dynamic Mechanical Properties

5.4.2 Examples of Dynamic Mechanical Data for Polymers

5.5 Time-Temperature Superposition

5.6 Summary

6: The Relationship of Surface and Adhesion Science

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Rationalizations of Adhesion Phenomena

6.3 Electrostatic Theory of Adhesion

6.4 Diffusion Theory of Adhesion

6.4.1 Diffusive Adhesive Bonding and Block Copolymers at Interfaces

6.5 Mechanical Interlocking and Adhesion

6.5.1 Kinetics of Pore Penetration

6.6 Wettability and Adhesion

6.7 Acid-Base Interactions at Interfaces

6.8 Covalent Bonding at Interfaces

6.8.1 Coupling Agents

6.9 The Relationship of Fundamental Forces of Adhesion and Practical Adhesion

6.10 The Weak Boundary Layer

6.11 Summary

7: The Surface Preparation of Adherends for Adhesive Bonding

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Plastic Surface Preparation

7.2.1 Corona Discharge Treatment

7.2.1.1 Corona Discharge Treatment of Polyethylene

7.2.1.2 Corona Discharge Treatment of Polypropylene

7.2.1.3 Corona Discharge Treatment of Poly(ethylene terephthalate)

7.2.1.4 Corona Discharge Treatment of other Materials

7.2.2 Flame Treatment

7.2.3 Plasma Treatment

7.2.3.1 Plasma Treatment of PE

7.2.3.2 Plasma Treatment of Other Substrates

7.2.4 Other Physical Treatment Methods of Polymer Surface

7.2.4.1 Treatments Using Ultraviolet Radiation

7.2.4.2 Other Vacuum Methods of Surface Preparation

7.2.5 Wet Chemical Methods of Treatment of Polymer Surface

7.2.5.1 Single Surface Chemical Functionalization and Chromic Acid Treatment of PE

7.2.5.2 Wet Chemical Surface Treatment of Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)

7.2.6 Priming of Polymer Surface

7.2.6.1 Priming of Polyolefins for Cyanoacrylates

7.2.6.2 Chorinated Polyolefins

7.3 Metal Surface Preparation

7.3.1 Surface Preparation of Aluminium for Adhesive Bonding

7.3.2.1 The Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) Etch

7.4 Anodization Treatments for Adhesive Bonding of Aluminum

7.4.1 Mechanism of Anodization

7.4.2 Anodization Media

7.4.3 Phosphoric Acid Anodization in the Aerospace Industry

7.5 General Techniques for the Surface Preparation of Metals

7.5.1 Conversion Coatings

7.5.2 Abrasion

7.5.3 Electrochemical Methods for Treating Metals other than Aluminum

7.6 Summary

8: The Chemistry and Physical Properties of Structural Adhesives

8.1 Introduction to Chapters 8, 9, and 10

8.2 Introduction to Structural Adhesives

8.2.1 Physical Forms of Uncured Structural Adhesives

8.3 Chemistry of Base Resins Used in Structural Adhesives

8.3.1 Phenolics

8.3.2 Proteins

8.3.3 Epoxy Resins

8.3.3.1 Time-Temperature-Transformation Diagrams and the Cure of Expoxy Resins

8.3.4 Urethane Resins

8.3.5 Acrylics

8.3.6 High Temperature Performance Structural Adhesives

8.4 Formulation of Structural Adhesives for Optimum Performance

8.4.1 Formulation of Phenolic Resins

8.4.2 Expoxy Resins

8.4.3 Acrylics

8.4.4 High Temperature Performance Structural Adhesives

8.5 Summary

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives

9.2.1 Chemistry of the Base Resins Used in PSAs

9.2.2 Chemistry of Tackifiers

9.2.2.1 Natural Product Based Tackifiers

9.2.2.2 Petroleum Based Tackifiers

9.2.2.3 Other Tackifiers

9.2.3 Testing of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives

9.2.3.1 Measurements of Tack

9.2.3.2 Measurements of Peel

9.2.3.3 Measurements of Shear

9.2.4 Balance of Properties

9.2.5 PSA Performance Viewed as a Timescale in Viscoelastic Response

9.2.6 PSA Viscoelasticity and Tack

9.2.7 PSA Peel and Viscoelasticity

9.2.8 Shear and Creep Behavior of PSAs

9.2.9 Summary

9.3 Rubber-Based and Contract Bond Adhesives

9.3.1 Formulation of RBAs

9.3.2 Base Polymers

9.3.3 Tackifiers

9.3.4 Pigments and Fillers

9.3.5 Crosslinking/Vulcanization of RBAs

9.3.6 Solvents

9.4 Summary

10: Thermoplastic, Pseudothermoplastic and other Adhesives

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Hot Melt Adhesives

10.2.1 Introduction

10.2.2 Polymer Physical Properties and Hot Melt Adhesives

10.2.3 Formulation of Hot Melt Adhesives

10.2.4 Synthetically Designed Hot Melt Adhesives

10.2.5 Curing Hot Melts

10.3 Polyvinyl Acetate-Based Adhesives

10.4 Polyvinyl Acetal Adhesives

10.5 Thermoplastic or Pseudothermoplastic Adhesives Based upon Natural Products

10.5.1 Starches [3]

10.5.2 Cellulosics [4]

10.6 Summary

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Chemistry and Mechanical Properties of Adhesives

11.3 Application Criteria

11.4 Interfaces and Surface Prepartions

11.5 Miscellaneous Concerns

11.6 Basic Criteria for the Design of an Adhesive Bond

11.6.1 Hart-Smith Design Crit